你應該聽過智能合約，但智能賬戶這個創新，相信不少加密用戶都不太熟悉。其實，智能賬戶正正就是一項改變遊戲規則的創新，帶來驚人的應用想像。
它們正徹底改變我們與數字資產和去中心化應用（dApp）的互動方式。但究竟咩係智能賬戶？點樣用先至最有著數？
咩係智能賬戶？
由基本講起。智能賬戶，亦稱為智能合約錢包，是一個基於區塊鏈的賬戶，當符合特定條件時可以自動執行預設動作。聽落似智能合約？無錯，但兩者其實唔同類型。
同傳統加密錢包只係用來儲存私鑰唔同，智能賬戶本身已經可編程。最易明就係，它其實就係同智能合約綁埋一齊嘅錢包。
智能賬戶可以於特定情況下存入、發送或接收數字資產。佢亦可連接去中心化應用及其他智能合約。
智能賬戶究竟有咩實際用途？實際影響又係點？等我話比你聽。
1. 加強安全功能
同傳統加密錢包比較，智能賬戶喺安全上提升咗一大截。
第一，佢具備多重簽名功能，用戶可以設定多個人共同審批交易，額外保障避免未經授權存取。
另一個重要嘅安全加強功能係時間鎖。你可以設定於發起交易後要有一段延遲先正式執行。如果偵測到可疑行為，呢段時間內仲可以取消交易。大額轉賬或者錢包可能被盜時尤其有用。
智能賬戶更支援精細化權限控制。舉例，可以設定某啲小額交易只需一個人批核，而大額就要多人審批。
仲有，你可以設定每日、每周或每月交易上限，防止黑客萬一入侵都只會有限損失。有啲智能賬戶仲可以開「保險庫」子賬戶，各自有專屬規則，進一步減低損失風險。
最後，智能賬戶常設內建的找回機制。如果用戶遺失賬戶憑證，可以由信任聯絡人協助，又或設有等待期等等，減少因為私鑰遺失而永久損失資產嘅風險。
2. 免氣費交易
氣費（Gas Fee）一向係熱門區塊鏈網絡的煩惱。
呢方面，智能賬戶又有新突破。
智能賬戶支援免氣費（Gasless）交易。傳統區塊鏈通常需用原生貨幣（如 ETH）支付交易費，只係新手或細額用家嘅門檻。
智能賬戶可以幫用戶支付氣費，並可用所轉帳貨幣結算。呢個功能靠所謂meta-transactions實現。
方式係：用戶先簽名訊息，然後交由中介服務台為你支付氣費並將交易提交到鏈上，過程非常簡單。
更進一步，Account Abstraction（EIP-4337）令此能力再提升。它容許「bundler」幫你打包多次交易，進一步節省氣費，令區塊鏈應用更成本效益高，有望推動大眾採用。
有啲智能賬戶還支援贊助交易，即由dApp開發者或第三方幫你墊付特定交易的氣費，大大提升新手上車和用戶互動。
要留意，對於用戶來講，這些交易看似免氣費，但事實上氣費總會以其他形式由平台方或第三方承擔，可能經由手續費、兌換等收回。
3. 可編程化交易邏輯
智能賬戶最強的地方在於可編程性。
用戶可以設置複雜交易規則，大大超越只限於簡單轉錢。這就打開了自動化財務與dApp互動的無限可能。
一個常見例子就是定期支付。你可令智能賬戶自動定時轉帳給指定地址，例如訂閱服務、定存、去中心化組織（DAO）發薪等等，甚至幫你節省人手。
你亦可以設置根據特定條件自動換幣，對散戶和高手交易都超有用。例如，價格到某個水平自動換幣—等同自動化交易策略，毋須死盯市場。
更厲害的是，可一次過同多個DeFi協議互動。
舉例，一個智能賬戶可以在一個操作中向某協議借款，再利用借來資產供流動性到另一協議，隨後將LP token投入質押—全程只需一次原子交易。這樣複雜、組合式策略，人工操作根本難以完成。
更進一步，智能賬戶能處理更複雜金融工具，比如自動對沖，接通去中心化期權、期貨合約，又或者實現平均成本策略定期買入指定幣種。
甚至可以實踐客制化管理權，設置多簽錢包複雜投票機制，方便DAO等去中心化組織進行決策。
4. 與DeFi協議無縫整合
智能賬戶設計時就專為配合DeFi（去中心化金融）生態而生。你可以一鍵從錢包界面接觸各種金融服務，毋須跳轉多個平台或分置多個賬戶。
對新手尤其方便，老手多平台炒賣亦一樣受惠。
一個重點優勢係直接用錢包與借貸協議互動。供應抵押資產、借錢、賺利息全都可於智能賬戶進行，如Aave、Compound、MakerDAO等熱門協議，操作超方便。
DEX（去中心化交易所）同樣係DeFi不可或缺一環，智能賬戶亦可直接互動。
你可用錢包實時換幣、投流動性、管理AMM（如Uniswap, SushiSwap）倉位，快捷方便，有時更可提高盈利，慳時間冇難度。
智能賬戶可自動化收益耕作和流動性挖礦，如自動質押、領獎、再投資於多個協議，大大提升收益策略效率。
不只操作簡單，仲可玩更高端工具。
智能賬戶可連結期權、期貨、合成資產平台（如Synthetix、Opyn、dYdX），助用戶進行多元風險管理和高級交易。對高階玩家來講，完全係玩具級享受。
另一重點係支援跨鏈橋及Layer 2擴展解決方案。智能賬戶助你無縫轉移資產到不同區塊鏈或Layer 2協議，提高互通性及擴展性。
5. 社交找回與賬戶抽象化
智能賬戶最後一個必定要講的強大功能。
諗吓你有幾驚自己唔見咗非託管錢包嘅seed phrase。
社交找回係智能賬戶中一項劃時代功能，解決用戶因為私鑰遺失而永久損失資產的最大痛點。用戶可以預先設定一班信任聯絡人或設備協助找回賬戶權限。
社交找回一般會有時間鎖設計。如果用戶失去賬戶存取權限，只需啟動復原申請流程即可。 The designated guardians then have a set period to approve or reject the request. This provides a balance between security and recoverability.
指派嘅守護人會有一段指定時間去批准定拒絕個申請。咁樣可以喺安全同可恢復性之間保持平衡。
Some versions of smart accounts allow for more complex recovery schemes. For example, a user might set up a system where any 3 out of 5 designated guardians can approve a recovery request. This adds an extra layer of security against potential collusion.
有啲智能賬戶版本可以支援更加複雜嘅恢復方案。例如，用戶可以設定 5 個守護人，只要當中有 3 個批准就可以進行賬戶恢復。呢種方式可以再加多一重安全保障，防止有機會聯合作弊。
But if you want even more secure solutions, there is something you will definitely like.
不過，如果你需要更加穩陣嘅方案，仲有啲你一定會鍾意嘅選擇。
Account Abstraction (AA) takes the concept of security even further. It's a proposed upgrade to Ethereum (EIP-4337) that would allow for more flexible account types. With AA, the distinction between externally owned accounts (EOAs) and contract accounts blurs, enabling a wide range of new possibilities.
Account Abstraction（AA）進一步提升安全性。呢個係以太坊嘅一個提議升級（EIP-4337），可以容許更靈活嘅賬戶類型。有咗AA之後，用戶自行擁有賬戶（EOAs）同合約賬戶之間嘅界線唔再明顯，帶嚟咗好多新可能性。
One key feature of AA is the ability to change the account's authentication mechanism. Users could switch from a standard private key to more advanced methods like multi-factor authentication, biometrics, or even quantum-resistant cryptography.
AA 其中一個重點功能，就係可以更換賬戶嘅認證機制。用戶除咗用普通私鑰，仲有機會用更高階方法，好似多重認證（MFA）、生物認證，甚至抗量子加密技術。
AA also allows for more sophisticated fee payment mechanisms. Accounts could be set up to pay transaction fees in tokens other than the network's native currency, or even have fees sponsored by third parties. This could significantly lower the barrier to entry for new users.
AA 亦容許更靈活嘅手續費支付方式。用戶可以設定賬戶用其他代幣支付手續費，而唔一定要用區塊鏈原生貨幣，甚至可以由第三方贊助手續費。呢樣可以大大降低新用戶入門門檻。
Another important aspect of AA is improved interoperability. Smart accounts could be designed to work across multiple blockchain networks, potentially simplifying cross-chain interactions and asset management.
AA 重點之一仲有提升互通性。智能賬戶可以設計到同多條區塊鏈互相兼容，幫用戶簡化跨鏈應用同資產管理。
6. Batch Transactions and Atomic Operations
Smart accounts excel at handling complex, multi-step transactions that would be cumbersome or impossible with traditional wallets. This capability is particularly useful in the world of DeFi, where users often need to interact with multiple protocols in a single operation.
智能賬戶好擅長處理複雜又多步嘅交易，傳統錢包未必做到甚至完全做唔到。呢種功能喺 DeFi 領域特別有用，因為用戶經常要同多個協議一齊互動。
Batch transactions allow users to bundle multiple operations into a single transaction.
批量交易可以將多個操作整合成一個交易。
This not only saves on gas fees but also ensures that all operations are executed atomically. What it means is that either all operations succeed, or all fail. This atomicity is crucial for maintaining consistency in complex financial operations.
咁樣唔單止慳 gas fee，仲可以確保所有操作一齊成功，或者全部作廢。呢種原子性對維持複雜金融操作嘅一致性好重要。
Why you might need it?
點解你會用得着？
For example, you might want to withdraw funds from a lending protocol, swap them for another token on a DEX, and then deposit the result into a yield farming contract. With a traditional wallet, you would have to carry three separate transactions, each incurring its own gas fee and requiring user confirmation. A smart account can execute all these steps in one atomic transaction.
例如，你想喺借貸協議提錢、再去 DEX 換另一種代幣、然後放入一個賺息智能合約。如果用傳統錢包，你要做三個獨立交易，每次都要俾 gas，同時每步都要你確認。智能賬戶就可以一次過一個原子交易完成曬。
This batching capability is particularly powerful when combined with flash loans.
批量交易同閃電貸結合，威力更加勁。
Flash loans allow users to borrow large amounts of cryptocurrency without collateral, as long as the loan is repaid within the same transaction block. Smart accounts can leverage flash loans to execute complex arbitrage or liquidation strategies that would be impossible for individual users to perform manually.
閃電貸容許用戶唔使抵押品一次過借大量加密貨幣，只要同一個區塊內還返就得。用智能賬戶可以利用閃電貸做出複雜套利或者清算策略，一般用戶手動根本做唔到。
Another use case for atomic operations is in decentralized governance. A user could cast votes on multiple proposals across different DAOs in a single transaction, ensuring their voting power is consistently applied across all relevant decisions. A digital democracy of its kind, if you will.
原子操作喺去中心化治理都啱用。一個用戶可以一次過喺唔同 DAO 投多個議案，確保佢嘅投票權力一致咁用到所有相關決定。都可以叫做數碼化嘅民主。
Batch transactions also open up possibilities for more efficient token management. Users could rebalance their portfolio, claim rewards from multiple protocols, and reinvest them all in one go. This level of automation can significantly reduce the time and cognitive load required to manage a diverse crypto portfolio. A dream for an advanced crypto trader.
批量交易仲可以令代幣管理變得更高效。例如，可以一次過重新分配資產、領取多個協議嘅獎勵、再即刻再投資。一站式自動化，大大減省時間同腦力，對高階加密貨幣交易員嚟講簡直係夢想工具。
7. Advanced Authentication Methods
Now back to security again.
講返安全。
Smart accounts are pushing the boundaries of blockchain authentication. The idea is to move beyond the traditional private key model - which is, let's be sincere, clumsy and not welcoming to novice users - to offer more secure and user-friendly options.
智能賬戶將區塊鏈身份認證提升到新層次。新方向係突破傳統私鑰模式——老實講，呢個方式又唔方便又難俾新手入門——推出更安全同易用嘅方案。
One of the most promising developments is the implementation of multi-factor authentication (MFA) for blockchain transactions.
其中最有發展潛力嘅，就係將多重認證（MFA）應用喺區塊鏈交易上。
This could involve combining something the user knows (like a password), something they have (like a hardware device), and something they are (biometric data).
即係會結合用戶知道嘅資訊（如密碼）、擁有嘅實體（如硬件裝置）同埋佢嘅生物資訊（例如指紋）。
For example, a smart account might require both a private key signature and a fingerprint scan to authorize high-value transactions.
例如，智能賬戶可以要求私鑰簽名加埋指紋掃描先可以進行大額交易。
Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) are another advanced authentication method being integrated with smart accounts. These dedicated crypto processors securely manage digital keys for strong authentication. They provide a higher level of security than software-based key storage, as the private keys never leave the secure hardware environment.
硬件安全模組（HSM）都開始同智能賬戶結合。呢啲專門處理加密運算芯片可以好安全噉管理密鑰，私鑰永遠唔會離開硬件環境，安全度遠高過軟件存儲密鑰。
Some smart account implementations are exploring the use of zero-knowledge proofs for authentication.
有啲智能賬戶方案會用零知識證明做認證。
This cryptographic method allows a user to prove they have the right to access an account without revealing any specific information about their credentials. This could potentially enhance privacy and security in blockchain transactions.
呢種密碼學技術可以證明用戶有權登入賬戶，而唔需要公開認證資料，進一步提升私隱同安全。
Time-based one-time passwords (TOTP), similar to those used in Google Authenticator, are also being implemented in some smart account systems. This adds an extra layer of security by requiring a time-sensitive code in addition to other authentication factors.
有啲智能賬戶系統仲會用時間性一次性密碼（TOTP），好似 Google Authenticator 用嗰啲，再多加一重動態認證密碼保障。
Social logins are being explored as a more user-friendly authentication method. This would allow users to log in to their smart account using credentials from established platforms like Google or Facebook. While this may sacrifice some degree of decentralization, it could significantly lower the barrier to entry for new users. Once you become a more advanced user you can ditch those methods in favor of the more sophisticated ones.
又有啲方案研究用社交網絡登入，俾用戶可以用 Google、Facebook 等帳號登錄智能賬戶，對新手嚟講易上手啲。雖然分散化程度降低咗，但對初學者嚟講入門門檻大幅下降。等你熟練咗，可以即時轉返用高階認證。
8. Customizable Access Control and Permissions
Smart accounts offer a level of granularity in access control that far surpasses traditional cryptocurrency wallets. This feature allows users to set up sophisticated permission structures, enhancing both security and functionality.
智能賬戶喺存取權限控制方面比傳統加密錢包細緻好多。呢項功能可以俾用戶自訂複雜嘅權限結構，無論安全定操作都加分。
One of the key aspects of this customizable access control is the ability to set different permission levels for different actions.
自訂權限控制其中一個重點，就係可以針對唔同行為設唔同權限級別。
While that might sound a bit too geeky, please have a good look at this function.
聽落好似好geek，但真係值得睇清楚呢個功能。
For instance, a user might set up their account so that small transactions require only a single signature, while larger transfers need multi-sig approval. This tiered approach allows for a balance between convenience for everyday use and enhanced security for high-value transactions.
例如，你可以設定細額交易只需一個簽名就批，大額交易就要多簽同意。咁樣平衡到日常方便同高價值交易安全。
But there is more to it.
其實仲有更多玩法。
Smart accounts can also implement role-based access control (RBAC). This is particularly useful for corporate or institutional users.
智能賬戶仲可以用角色基礎存取控制（RBAC），尤其啱公司企業用。
Different members of an organization can be assigned different roles, each with its own set of permissions. For example, a CFO might have full access to all financial operations, while a junior accountant might only be able to view balances and initiate small transfers.
機構內部唔同成員可以有唔同角色同權限，例如財務總監可以全面操作，助理只可以查賬同做細額轉賬。
And your freedom in managing access right is literally unlimited.
你設定權限幾乎無限自由。
Take time-based permissions - another powerful feature. Users can set up temporary access for specific addresses or for certain actions. This could be useful for delegating control during vacations, or for setting up time-limited access for contractors or service providers.
例如時間性權限都得。你可以設定指定地址或者行為喺特定時間內先有權限。例如你放假時授權人地代勞，或者話俾承辦商臨時用。
Some smart account implementations allow for the creation of sub-accounts or vaults within the main account. Each of these can have its own set of rules and permissions. This feature is particularly useful for separating funds for different purposes or implementing more complex financial strategies.
有啲智能賬戶版本可以為主賬戶開子賬戶或金庫，每個都可以有獨立規則同權限，用嚟做資金分類或複雜理財部署特別啱用。
Another interesting application of customizable permissions is in implementing spending limits. Users can set daily, weekly, or monthly transaction caps for different types of operations or for specific addresses. This can serve as an additional safeguard against theft or unauthorized use.
可自訂權限仲可以搞消費上限，例如可以限定日、週或月度交易上限，甚至針對特定地址或者操作進行管制，等於有多一道防線。
And back to traders. They can make use of more complex conditional permissions. For example, a smart account could be set up to allow certain actions only if the price of a specific token is within a certain range, or only during specific times of day.
至於炒家，可以用上複雜啲嘅條件性權限，例如當某隻代幣價格啱啱落入目標範圍先俾某操作，甚至時間限定操作。
9. Interoperability and Cross-Chain Functionality
As the blockchain ecosystem continues to expand, with multiple chains and layer 2 solutions gaining prominence, interoperability has become a crucial feature for smart accounts.
隨住區塊鏈生態持續擴大，多條主鏈同 Layer 2 解決方案都興起，互通性已經變成智能賬戶唔可缺少嘅特色。
The ability to seamlessly interact with different blockchain networks and protocols significantly enhances the utility and flexibility of these accounts.
可以無縫同唔同區塊鏈同協議互動，大大提升咗智能賬戶嘅實用性同彈性。
Especially if you are able to do these operations using the single interface.
如果你可以用同一個介面做到晒全部操作就更加方便。
Smart accounts can integrate with various blockchain bridges, allowing users to transfer assets between different networks without needing to use separate wallets or exchanges.
智能賬戶可以同唔同區塊鏈橋整合，容許用戶唔使換錢包或者去交易所都可以直接跨鏈轉資產。
For example, a user might hold Ethereum-based tokens, Binance Smart Chain tokens, and assets on Polygon, all managed through the same smart account interface. This not only simplifies asset management but also opens up opportunities for cross-chain arbitrage and yield farming strategies.
例如，你可以喺同一個智能賬戶介面管理埋 Ethereum、BSC、Polygon 等唔同鏈嘅資產，唔單止簡化資產管理，仲方便進行跨鏈套利同流動性挖礦。
Some smart account versions are exploring the use of interoperable standards like the Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol. This allows for more seamless communication between different blockchain networks, enabling complex cross-chain operations to be executed atomically.
有啲智能賬戶版本開始探索用 IBC 呢類跨鏈兼容標準，唔同區塊鏈之間可以更無縫互通，支持更複雜嘅原子跨鏈操作。
Another important aspect of interoperability is the ability to interact with different layer 2 scaling solutions.
互通性重要地方仲有可以同唔同 Layer 2 擴展方案互動。
As networks like Ethereum face scaling challenges, many users and applications are moving to layer 2 networks for faster and cheaper transactions.
因為以太坊等主鏈擠塞又貴，好多用戶同應用都轉咗去 Layer 2 尋求更快同平靚嘅交易體驗。
Smart accounts are there to help. They can facilitate easy movement between the main chain and various layer 2 solutions, helping users to optimize for speed, cost, or security as needed.
智能賬戶啱啱好可以幫你方便噉喺主鏈同唔同 Layer 2 之間來回轉資產，想快、平定穩陣都得你揀。
Cross-chain decentralized exchanges (DEXs) are also being integrated into smart account functionalities. You can swap tokensacross different blockchain networks directly from their smart account interface, without needing to use centralized exchanges as intermediaries.
透過佢哋嘅智能帳戶介面，直接喺唔同嘅區塊鏈網絡之間操作，無需經過中心化交易所作為中介。
And there is another concept, worth mentioning.
另外仲有一個概念，都值得一提。
Some advanced smart account implementations are exploring the idea of "chain-agnostic" accounts. This is a truly revolutionary idea of having one consistent address across multiple blockchain networks, simplifying the user experience and enhancing interoperability. It's too early to talk about this concept going live, but this could be a real game-changer.
有啲先進嘅智能帳戶實現，正喺探索「無鏈屬性」帳戶呢個概念。即係話，用家可以喺多個區塊鏈網絡上用同一個地址，呢個真係一個革命性嘅想法，可以大大簡化用戶體驗同提升互通性。雖然而家要真正落地仲有啲早，不過如果成事，絕對有機會顛覆個行業。
10. Regulatory Compliance and Privacy Features
Majority of users are concerned with privacy, but that doesn't imply they are willing to use illegal services.
大部分用戶都關注私隱，但唔代表佢哋會願意用非法服務。
For many DeFi services and platforms regulatory compliance is a bit of a hurdle.
對好多 DeFi 服務同平台嚟講，符合法規係一個唔細嘅挑戰。
And again. Enter smart accounts. They are at the forefront of implementing features that can help users navigate the complex landscape of financial regulations while still maintaining the benefits of decentralized finance.
而家又輪到智能帳戶出場。佢哋係實現新功能嘅先鋒，可以幫助用戶喺複雜嘅金融監管環境下操作，同時又保留去中心化金融嘅優勢。
One key aspect of regulatory compliance is Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) procedures. Some smart account implementations allow for the integration of on-chain identity verification. Users can attach verified credentials to their account, which can then be used to access services that require KYC without repeatedly going through the verification process.
符合法規其中一個重要部分就係「認識你的客戶」（KYC）同反洗黑錢（AML）程序。有啲智能帳戶實現已經可以整合鏈上身份驗證，用戶可以將驗證咗嘅憑證連接到自己嘅帳戶上，以後去使用需要 KYC 認證嘅服務時，就唔使次次再驗證，方便快捷。
Travel rule compliance is another area where smart accounts can provide solutions. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) requires that virtual asset service providers (VASPs) exchange certain information about the sender and recipient for transactions over a certain threshold. Smart accounts can be programmed to automatically include this required information in qualifying transactions, ensuring compliance without compromising user privacy for smaller transfers.
合規仲有另一個重點，就係「旅行規則」（Travel Rule）。國際反洗錢組織（FATF）要求虛擬資產服務提供者（VASP）喺超過某一金額嘅轉帳時交換特定嘅發送者同接收者資料。智能帳戶可以自動喺需要合規嘅交易中加入所需資訊，確保遵守規定，而對於細額轉帳又唔影響用戶私隱。
Tax reporting is a significant challenge for many cryptocurrency users.
稅務申報對好多加密貨幣用戶嚟講，都係一個大難題。
Smart accounts can integrate with tax calculation services to automatically track transactions, calculate gains and losses, and even generate tax reports. This can significantly simplify the process of staying compliant with tax regulations across different jurisdictions. Nobody likes calculating their taxes, no doubt. What if you could delegate that to your smart account?
智能帳戶可以連接到稅務計算服務，自動追蹤交易、計算盈虧，甚至自動出稅務報告。咁樣可以大大簡化喺唔同地區符合法規嘅流程。冇人鍾意計稅，呢點無可否認。如果可以交俾智能帳戶幫你搞掂，幾爽呢！
Some smart account implementations are exploring the use of stealth addresses. These are one-time addresses generated for each transaction, making it much more difficult to track a user's transaction history. This enhances privacy while still allowing for the possibility of regulatory compliance when necessary.
有啲智能帳戶開始探索用「隱身地址」技術，即係每次交易都會有一個一次性地址，咁就難追查用戶過往交易紀錄啦。呢個功能可以增強私隱，但如果有需要，都仲有方法可以符合規管要求。
Another privacy feature being implemented in some smart accounts is the ability to integrate with privacy-focused cryptocurrencies or protocols. For example, a smart account might allow users to easily swap tokens for privacy coins like Monero or Zcash, or to use privacy-enhancing protocols like Tornado Cash, all while maintaining the ability to demonstrate regulatory compliance when required.
另外，有啲智能帳戶都可以整合注重私隱嘅加密貨幣或者協議。例如，用戶可以直接用智能帳戶換到隱私幣，好似 Monero 或 Zcash，或者用到 Tornado Cash 呢啲私隱協議，但如果有需要，都可以展現到合規能力。
Selective disclosure is another powerful feature being explored. This allows users to reveal only the minimum necessary information for each interaction. For instance, when making a purchase, a user might only need to prove they're over 18, rather than revealing their exact age or other personal details.
仲有一個強大功能叫選擇性披露，意思係用戶只需披露每次互動所需嘅最少資訊。例如買嘢時，用戶只需要證明自己年滿十八歲，而唔洗公開實際年齡或者其他個人資料。