DeFi世界革新了大眾與金融系統的互動方式,帶來前所未有的收益機會、網絡安全保證,以及釋放流動性的手段。當中,流動質押代幣(LST)與流動重質押代幣(LRT),無疑是最令人興奮的創新之一。
雖然兩者同樣以質押作基礎——這是權益證明(PoS)區塊鏈的核心機制,但在釋放被質押資產效用和效率的方式上,各有不同。理解這些分別,對於投資者、開發者及所有想在急速演變的DeFi領域中佔一席位的人來說,尤為重要。
質押一直是區塊鏈安全的基石,用戶要鎖定資產以驗證交易和保障網絡安全,以換取獎勵。然而,傳統質押常因鎖倉期內資產被凍結而缺乏流動性,影響資產靈活運用。
流動質押正正針對此痛點,透過創造衍生代幣代表被質押的資產,同時保留流動性。在此基礎上,流動重質押再進一步,容許被質押資產同時保障多個網絡,創造出更高效的資本利用及收益層次。
傳統質押
在深入了解創新前,先要明白傳統的質押運作。一般PoS系統,驗證者需要鎖定原生代幣來保障網絡並驗證交易,過程包括:
- 通常須將代幣鎖倉一段固定時間
- 按所質押數量獲取對應回報
- 質押期間不能動用資產
- 解綁期可長達7-28天才能取回資金
此模式讓用戶在網絡安全與資本效率之間作出抉擇,難以同時參與其它經濟活動。
流動質押代幣(LST)
LST的誕生,就是為解決傳統質押的一大限制——缺乏流動性。在傳統模式下,被鎖倉保障網絡的資產,只能在解質押後方可動用,過程可以長達數日甚至數週。
這情況令希望靈活管理投資組合的用戶卻步。LST以衍生代幣形式,代表被質押資產,但同時讓用戶能夠隨時流通這些代幣。
例如,通過Lido Finance或Rocket Pool等流動質押平台,質押者會收到等值的衍生代幣,如stETH或rETH。這些代幣可作被質押資產的流動代表,自由於不同DeFi協議間買賣或運用。
以stETH為例,持幣者可用它作為Aave等借貸平台的抵押品,或參與流動性池賺取額外收益,而原本質押的ETH亦同時獲得質押回報。
市場主導及增長
LST市場自問世以來急速壯大,截至2025年初,Lido Finance以超過350億美元鎖倉值領先,約佔整體ETH質押的32%。其它重要平台包括:
- Rocket Pool:更為去中心化,TVL超過80億美元
- Coinbase ETH:集中的選擇,備受機構投資者青睞
- Frax Finance:以創新frxETH流動質押聞名
- Ankr:提供多鏈質押方案
不過,Lido大量市佔也引起中心化風險憂慮,例如可能影響Ethereum的治理和安全。
LST收益策略
LST的優勢遠不止於流動性。被質押資產可參與各種DeFi生態,開闢了全新收益優化路徑。投資者可以同時獲得質押獎勵,並運用衍生代幣作借貸、槓桿或流動性挖礦等策略,形成雙重收入。LST因此成為現代DeFi策略的基石,一躍成為鎖倉總值以十億美元計的熱門工具。
常見LST收益策略包括:
- LST-ETH流動性提供:在Curve Finance等stETH-ETH池提供流動性,賺取交易與協議獎勵
- 抵押借貸:以LST作抵押借入穩定幣再投資
- 收益聚合:將LST存入Yearn Finance等自動部署到高收益策略
- 期權與衍生品:LST用於期權對沖或額外收益
此外,LST給予投資者前所未有的靈活性。若想退出質押,只需在二級市場出售衍生代幣,無須等待解質押,大大提升市場效率,讓用戶更自主管理投資組合。
LST相關風險
儘管優勢多多,LST同時面臨以下風險:
- 智能合約漏洞:依賴複雜智能合約,存在安全風險
- 罰沒風險:若驗證者違規,質押可能被罰,LST價值縮水
- 價值脫鉤:LST價格或未必始終等同被質押資產,出現“脫鉤”風險
- 流動性危機:極端情況下,LST市場所受壓亦可現資金緊張
- 監管不確定性:多地區未明確規管質押衍生品合法性
流動重質押代幣(LRT):跨網絡資產效用大解放
流動重質押代幣是質押創新再度升級,以LST為基礎,讓同一批被質押資產可參與多個網絡保障及協議。
由EigenLayer等平台首創,流動重質押容許用戶將所質押的原生資產或流動LST,再用以保障不同主鏈以外的協議或網絡。
重質押運作機制
流動重質押運作精妙又具影響力。例如,投資者透過Lido在Ethereum質押ETH後得到stETH,進一步可運用EigenLayer的重質押框架,將stETH“重質押”至Layer 2解決方案,或像Chainlink預言機等去中心化服務。如此一來,既可支援多個生態系統安全,亦有額外收益。
EigenLayer實際運作如下:
- 實時驗證:運營者運行節點,為主動驗證服務(AVS)質押ETH或LST
- 委託:用戶可將質押資產委託給信譽運營者
- 中介安全:質押資產保障不同中介服務及Layer 2協議
- 回報分配:多服務所得獎勵流回原始質押者
AVS生態系統湧現
LRT吸引人之處在於提升資本效率。傳統質押要為每個網絡單獨鎖定資金,侷限可擴展性及增加機會成本;流動重質押則破除限制,同一筆資產同步守護多條網絡,即提升收益,又強化區塊鏈去中心化。
主動驗證服務(AVS)生態快速發展,已有數十項目在EigenLayer基礎上創建:
- 數據可用性服務:如EigenDA,為rollup提供數據可用性
- 預言機網絡:利用Ethereum安全的替代預言機方案
- 去中心化排序器:L2交易公平排序服務
- 跨鏈橋:更安全的跨鏈橋協議
- Keeper網絡:自動化交易執行
這些服務毋須自行構建安全基礎,直接借力Ethereum的安全性。
重質押擴展生態
EigenLayer開創重質押後,生態出現不同路線:
- Puffer Finance:主攻機構用戶,風險管理更進階
- Kelp DAO:將重質押資產包裝成流動代幣
- Swell Network:模組化重質押,風險參數可自訂
- Renzo Protocol:ezETH供多鏈重質押
這些協議自帶各類特色,包括改善流動性、專業風險管理等。
解決冷啟動難題
LRT的意義早已超越個人獲利。重用質押資產以鞏固更廣泛網絡,有助解決新協議在初期難以吸引足夠驗證者和經濟安全的「冷啟動問題」。EigenLayer等平台之所以能有效解決,正是利用現有質押資產為新興系統引入安全性。
這亦改善了區塊鏈擴展的核心挑戰:新網絡和Layer2過往難吸收到足夠獨立驗證者,安全性堪憂。重質押令這些系統可「租用」Ethereum現有的驗證資源,極大降低推出新服務的難度與風險。
LRT相關風險
不過,流動重質押帶來的複雜性,需要審慎管理:
Correlated Risks: If a restaked asset faces issues, it could affect multiple networks simultaneously
相關風險:如果重質押資產出現問題,有機會同時影響多個網絡
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Slashing Complexities: Misbehavior in one network could potentially lead to slashing across multiple systems
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罰沒複雜性:喺其中一個網絡出現不當行為,可能會引致多個系統同時罰沒
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Security Dilution: Questions remain about whether security can be effectively "reused" without dilution
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安全稀釋:安全性可唔可以喺無稀釋情況下真正「重用」仍然有疑問
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MEV Extraction: Operators securing multiple networks might face conflicts of interest regarding MEV extraction
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MEV提取:負責多個網絡安全嘅營運者,喺MEV提取方面可能會出現利益衝突
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Governance Challenges: Coordinating governance across multiple networks using the same security pool presents novel challenges
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治理挑戰:用同一安全池協調多個網絡治理,會帶嚟全新挑戰
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Systemic Risk: The interconnection of multiple protocols through shared security creates potential systemic risks
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系統性風險:多個協議透過共用安全相互連接,有機會產生系統性風險
These considerations have prompted the development of sophisticated risk management frameworks within the restaking ecosystem.
以上考慮促使重質押生態內開發出更複雜嘅風險管理框架。
Comparing LSTs and LRTs
While Liquid Staking Tokens and Liquid Restaking Tokens share common roots in staking derivatives, they diverge significantly in purpose and functionality.
雖然流動質押代幣(LSTs)同流動重質押代幣(LRTs)都係質押衍生品,有共同基礎,但喺用途同功能上有明顯分歧。
LSTs focus on unlocking liquidity for individual blockchain participation, enabling users to access DeFi opportunities without sacrificing staking rewards.
LSTs著重於釋放單一區塊鏈質押資產嘅流動性,令用家可以參與DeFi,而毋須犧牲質押獎勵。
In contrast, LRTs amplify utility by allowing staked assets to secure multiple networks simultaneously - a feature that enhances capital efficiency and broadens ecosystem security.
相反,LRTs則可以令質押資產同時保障多個網絡,提升資本效益並擴闊生態系統安全。
Institutional Adoption and Regulatory Clarity
As the staking derivatives market matures, institutional adoption is accelerating. Several trends are emerging:
質押衍生品市場日漸成熟,機構採納亦加速。以下有幾個顯著趨勢:
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Institutional-Grade LST Solutions: Platforms like Figment and Coinbase are developing institutional-focused liquid staking solutions with enhanced security and compliance features
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機構級LST方案:Figment、Coinbase等平台正開發針對機構客戶嘅流動質押方案,並強化安全同合規功能
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Regulatory Frameworks: Regulators worldwide are beginning to provide clearer guidance on staking derivatives, with some jurisdictions creating specific frameworks for these assets
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法規框架:全球監管機構開始就質押衍生品提供更清晰指引,部分地區更專為呢啲資產設立專屬法規
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Traditional Finance Integration: Traditional financial institutions are exploring ways to offer staking derivatives to their clients, potentially through structured products or ETFs
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傳統金融整合:傳統金融機構開始研究如何為客戶提供質押衍生品,或許會以結構性產品或ETF形式推出
Technological Innovations
The technological landscape continues to evolve rapidly:
技術層面亦不斷急速進化:
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Distributed Validator Technology: Enhancing the security and decentralization of liquid staking through validator distribution
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分布式驗證者技術:透過驗證者分布,提升流動質押嘅安全性同去中心化程度
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Zero-Knowledge Proofs: Implementing ZK technology to improve the transparency and security of staking derivatives
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零知識證明:引入ZK技術,以提升質押衍生品嘅透明度同安全性
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Cross-Chain Restaking: Expanding restaking capabilities across multiple base layer blockchains
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跨鏈重質押:將重質押功能拓展到多條基礎層區塊鏈
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Modular Risk Management: Developing sophisticated risk segmentation for restaked assets
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模組化風險管理:為重質押資產設計細緻嘅風險分層
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Permissionless AVS Creation: Enabling anyone to create and launch new Actively Validated Services
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自由AVS創建:任何人都可以創建同推出新嘅積極驗證服務(AVS)
Economic Models and Tokenomics
The economic design of staking derivatives is becoming more sophisticated:
質押衍生品經濟模型日趨進化:
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Tokenized Restaking Points: Some protocols are experimenting with tokenizing contribution points for early participants
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代幣化重質押積分:有協議嘗試將早期參與者嘅貢獻積分代幣化
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Risk-Adjusted Yields: Developing mechanisms that better price risk in staking derivatives
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風險調整收益:開發機制,更精確咁為質押衍生品定價風險
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Insurance Layers: Creating dedicated insurance protocols for staking derivatives
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保險層:為質押衍生品設立專屬保險協議
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Yield Tranching: Segmenting yield and risk profiles for different types of investors
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收益分層:按唔同投資者分割收益同風險層次
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Governance Innovations: Exploring new models for governance of staking derivative protocols
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治理創新:探索新嘅質押衍生品協議治理模式
Transforming DeFi Through Staking Innovation
The emergence of LSTs and LRTs marks a turning point in decentralized finance - a shift that redefines how investors interact with PoS blockchains while enhancing network security at scale. These innovations matter not only because they unlock new opportunities but also because they address systemic inefficiencies within traditional staking models.
LSTs同LRTs嘅出現,為去中心化金融帶來重大轉變——重新定義投資者如何同PoS區塊鏈互動,同時提升網絡整體安全。呢啲創新唔單止打開更多機會,更針對傳統質押模式入面嘅系統性低效問題。
Capital Efficiency and Security Economics
The fundamental innovation of both LSTs and LRTs lies in their ability to improve capital efficiency while maintaining or enhancing security. This represents a significant evolution in blockchain economics:
LSTs同LRTs最根本嘅創新,就係喺提升資本效率同時,繼續維持甚至增強網絡安全,帶嚟區塊鏈經濟學上重大演進:
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Unlocking Billions in Liquidity: By transforming illiquid staked assets into productive financial instruments, these innovations have unleashed billions of dollars of previously locked capital
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釋放數十億美元流動性:將原本鎖死嘅質押資產轉化為可產生收益嘅金融工具,釋放出數以十億計流動資本
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Democratizing Staking Access: Lower barriers to entry have enabled broader participation in network security
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質押普及化:降低參與門檻,令更多人可以參與保障網絡安全
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Creating New Economic Primitives: These technologies serve as building blocks for increasingly complex DeFi applications
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創造新經濟元件:成為更多複雜DeFi應用嘅基石
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Enabling New Business Models: Entire business categories now exist that would be impossible without staking derivatives
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啟動全新商業模式:無質押衍生品,部分全新業務類型根本唔可能存在
Architectural Implications for Blockchain Design
These innovations are influencing how new blockchains and protocols are designed:
呢啲創新已經影響緊新區塊鏈同協議嘅設計方式:
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Security as a Service: Blockchain architectures are evolving to leverage shared security models
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安全即服務:區塊鏈架構逐漸朝住共用安全模式發展
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Modular Security Layers: Networks are increasingly separating execution, settlement, and security layers
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模組化安全層:網絡執行、結算同安全逐漸變成分層架構
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Trust-Minimized Interoperability: Enhanced security across multiple networks enables more trust-minimized cross-chain interactions
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減信任化互通性:網絡之間共同提升安全,令跨鏈互動愈嚟愈減依賴信任
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Security Bootstrapping: New protocols can launch with strong security guarantees from day one
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安全啟動:新協議可以一開始就享有強大安全保障
For investors, these tools offer unprecedented flexibility and yield potential by transforming illiquid staking positions into dynamic assets that can participate across DeFi ecosystems. For developers and protocol operators, they provide solutions to critical challenges such as attracting validators during early-stage development or scaling security across interoperable networks.
對投資者嚟講,呢啲工具將冇流動性質押倉位變成可以跨DeFi生態參與嘅動態資產,帶嚟前所未有嘅靈活性同收益空間。對開發者同協議營運方,佢哋就可以解決早期吸引驗證者或跨鏈擴展安全等關鍵挑戰。
The Future of Blockchain Capital Efficiency
As DeFi continues its rapid evolution, understanding these innovations will be essential for navigating an increasingly complex landscape. Whether through unlocking liquidity with LSTs or amplifying utility with LRTs, these tools represent powerful mechanisms for optimizing capital efficiency while advancing blockchain technology toward greater decentralization and interoperability.
隨住DeFi不斷發展,理解呢啲創新對於應付愈趨複雜嘅環境變得更加重要。無論係用LSTs釋放流動性,定用LRTs提升用途,呢啲工具都係優化資本效率同推動區塊鏈更去中心化及互操作性嘅強大動力。
In conclusion, Liquid Staking Tokens and Liquid Restaking Tokens are not just technological advancements - they are foundational pillars shaping the future of decentralized finance. Their impact resonates across stakeholders at every level of the crypto ecosystem, making them indispensable components of modern financial strategies in blockchain-based economies.
總結而言,LSTs同LRTs唔單只係技術突破,更係去中心化金融未來不可或缺嘅基礎支柱。佢哋嘅影響覆蓋加密生態每一個參與層面,成為新時代區塊鏈金融策略不可分割部分。
As we move forward, the line between these technologies may blur, with hybrid approaches emerging that combine the best aspects of both. What remains clear is that the principles of capital efficiency and security that underpin these innovations will continue to drive the next generation of blockchain financial infrastructure.
展望將來,兩種技術界線亦可能愈嚟愈模糊,融合雙方優點嘅混合方案將會出現。不過,有一點肯定——提昇資本效率同安全嘅原則,將會持續推動新一代區塊鏈金融基礎設施發展。

