區塊鏈技術術語大解密：最令人困惑的加密貨幣術語前七名

即使是資深的用戶，也可能會很難掌握某些複雜的加密術語。有時候，別人在故事裡隨口提到 blob 和拜占庭容錯時，你只能假裝聽懂。比特幣產業以創新速度聞名，卻同時也打造出一套讓老手都頭痛的高深詞彙。現在，讓我們徹底解決這個問題。

本文將挑選出區塊鏈圈內七個最複雜且經常被誤解的術語，徹底分析它們的含義、用途，以及對數位貨幣未來的影響。

拜占庭容錯（BFT）：區塊鏈安全的基石

幾乎所有加密貨幣愛好者都聽過拜占庭容錯（BFT），但99.9%的人卻難以具體說明它的真義。

即便是深入研究比特幣誕生過程，明白中本聰用挖礦來解決拜占庭容錯問題的人，大多對其本質仍是一知半解。

很多人以為拜占庭容錯只和挖礦有關，其實並非如此。

拜占庭容錯（BFT）一詞源自電腦科學中的拜占庭將軍問題，這也是區塊鏈技術的核心。這個問題由 Leslie Lamport、Robert Shostak 及 Marshall Pease 於1982年首次提出，說明了分散式系統在成員可能惡意或不可靠的情況下，如何達成一致的共識所面臨的挑戰。

在拜占庭將軍問題裡，多位將軍需協調攻擊一座城市，但只能靠傳令兵聯絡，且有些將軍可能叛變，意圖破壞行動。挑戰在於如何設計出即使有叛徒，忠誠的將軍們仍能達成共識的方法。

在區塊鏈領域，拜占庭容錯即是指系統能夠在部分元件失靈或惡意行動下，仍然能夠正常運作並取得共識。對於維護分散式網路的完整性與安全至關重要。

中本聰藉由工作量證明（PoW）共識機制，徹底解決了比特幣的拜占庭將軍問題。礦工們競相計算複雜數學題目，勝出者獲得打包下一區塊的權利。由於此方法消耗大量算力，礦工傾向誠實行事以追求經濟利益。

工作量證明能奏效，因為：

1. 參與成本高，抑制惡意行為。
2. 難題的複雜度確保單一方無法輕易掌控網路。
3. 最長鏈規則為選擇正確區塊鏈提供明確方法。

不過，PoW 並非唯一解法。針對區塊鏈拜占庭容錯，像是權益委託證明（DPoS）、權益證明（PoS）等節能共識也紛紛問世。

例如，以太坊自 PoW 轉向 PoS（即「合併」）時，採用了名為 Gasper 的拜占庭容錯共識，將 Casper FFG（基於PoS的最終性系統）與 LMD-GHOST 分叉規則結合，確保高度拜占庭容錯，同時大幅降低能耗。

瞭解拜占庭容錯的核心概念，有助於掌握區塊鏈系統的安全運作。隨著技術創新，更多新型 BFT 機制將持續問世，並影響分散式系統的未來走向。

Nonce：加密運算中的關鍵拼圖

Nonce 這個詞讓人容易聯想到「廢話」，開個玩笑。不過，礦工和開發者會很熟悉它的精髓。其實，Nonce 在區塊鏈技術裡極其重要，尤其是在像比特幣這樣的工作量證明（PoW）系統中。「Nonce」即「只能用一次的數字」，是挖礦過程驗證與確保區塊鏈交易安全性的關鍵一環。

在比特幣挖礦中，Nonce 是區塊標頭裡的一個32位（4字節）字段。礦工會不斷嘗試調整這個數字，希望產生符合網路難度條件的區塊標頭雜湊值。

挖礦流程如下：礦工將待確認的交易打包成區塊。

區塊標頭須包含下列資訊：

• 版本號
• 前一區塊的雜湊值
• Merkle 根（代表區塊內所有交易的雜湊值）
• 時間戳記
• 難度目標
• Nonce（初始設為0）

礦工會利用 SHA-256 演算法對區塊標頭運算雜湊。如果結果低於系統難度要求，則區塊「算出來了」並廣播到全網，否則就遞增 Nonce、一再重算。

這個過程持續遞增 Nonce 並重新計算，直到找到合法雜湊或是 2^32（約40億）個可能的 Nonce 用盡為止。若用盡仍未成功，礦工可以調整其他區塊標頭參數（如時間戳）重新開始。

Nonce 負責多個關鍵作用：

網路可透過指定特定的 Nonce 物件來調節挖礦難度，無論算力增減，都能維持區塊時間約為10分鐘（比特幣）。

在 PoW 中，Nonce 就是礦工努力的變數，藉由找到正確 Nonce，證明自身投入算力。

由於解出區塊所需的 Nonce 不可預測，想要操控區塊鏈極為困難。攻擊者若欲勝過所有誠實礦工，必須控制全網一半以上算力才有可能。

Nonce 也為礦工創造公平競爭環境。找到合法區塊全靠運算能力，機率隨投入資源而變。

Nonce 的概念雖普遍存在於 PoW 區塊鏈，但其他應用場景也有類似運作。例如在以太坊交易中，Nonce 用以確保每筆交易僅會被正確處理一次且順序正確。

隨著區塊鏈技術演進，Nonce 的實際角色也可能變化。對於權益證明類型區塊鏈（如 PoS），不再存在 PoW 及 Nonce 的傳統概念。然而，跨多數區塊鏈體系，利用不可預測、一次性數字確保安全與公平的原則仍極為重要。

Rollups：精簡 Layer-2 交易的利器

只要接觸過 DeFi，一定聽過 Rollups 這個詞，但多數人只知道這和 Layer 1 上的 Layer 2 擴容方案相關。

事實上，Rollups 的涵義還有更多。

當區塊鏈（如以太坊）面臨擴容瓶頸，Rollups 成為大幅提升交易吞吐量、降低手續費的解決方案。Rollups 屬於 Layer-2 擴容技術，於 Layer-1 留存交易數據，但將交易計算過程搬到主鏈之外進行。

所謂 Rollups，是將多筆交易「打包」成單一批次再送回主鏈儲存。這樣大幅減少主鏈需要處理的資料量，提升網路可擴展性。

目前常見 Rollups 分為兩種：

樂觀型 Rollups（Optimistic Rollups）：預設所有交易皆合法，只有在受挑戰時才進行欺詐證明。其特性包括：

• 對一般計算而言較 ZK Rollups 快速且便宜。
• 與以太坊虛擬機（EVM）高度相容，現有以太坊應用可直接移轉。
• 通常有一週挑戰期，任何人皆可質疑交易結果。代表如 Arbitrum、Optimism。

零知識 Rollups（ZK Rollups）：運用密碼學製作可驗證正確性的有效性證明。特性為：

• 交易能在鏈上即時驗證，有效性證明讓最終確認更快。
• 理論上擴容潛力更高，但密碼學複雜度使其不易直接應用於一般計算。
• 較知名例子如 StarkNet、zkSync。

Rollups 帶來多項優點：

• 大幅提升每秒交易量（TPS），運算在主鏈外進行。
• 手續費降低，主鏈所需處理資料減少。
• 關鍵數據保留於 Layer-1，安全性承襲主鏈。
• 特別是 ZK Rollups，交易最終性遠比主鏈確認快速。

但 Rollups 也有挑戰：

• 技術門檻高，尤其 ZK Rollups 較難實作。
• 需要依賴 Rollup 營運者，多少帶來中心化疑慮。
• 樂觀型 Rollups 因挑戰期設計，提款到主鏈有延遲。

隨著區塊鏈生態發展，Rollups 在未來擴容解決方案中的重要性將大幅提升。以太坊2.0等專案已將 Rollup 作為核心發展，強調其對區塊鏈未來不可或缺的地位。

Blobs：重塑以太坊結構的數據塊

Blob 已成為... Ethereum universe.
以太坊宇宙。

Many consumers, meanwhile, cannot really understand what blobs are. And finally the word becomes one of those you wish you knew, but it's never a good time to explore the tech specs.
許多使用者其實並不真正了解「blobs」（區塊資料包）是什麼。最後這個詞就變成一個你總想弄懂、但永遠不適合去研究技術細節的術語。

Let's fix it, then.
那麼就讓我們來釐清一下吧。

Particularly in relation to the forthcoming Dencun upgrade—a mix of Deneb and Cancun upgrades—blobs, short for Binary Large Objects, mark a major shift in Ethereum's scaling road map.
特別是關於即將到來的 Dencun 升級——結合 Deneb 與 Cancun 的重要升級——「blobs」（Binary Large Objects，二進位大型物件）標誌著以太坊擴展路線圖的重大變革。

Understanding blobs calls for exploring the technical sides of Ethereum's data management and path towards higher scalability.
要理解「blobs」，我們需要從技術層面探討以太坊的數據管理方式，以及其邁向更高可擴展性的道路。

Blobs in the Ethereum context are big amounts of data away from the execution layer—where smart contracts run—but nevertheless part of the Ethereum ecosystem. Designed as transitory, they stay on the network for eighteen to twenty-25 days before being thrown away.
在以太坊的語境下，「blobs」是指那些脫離執行層（即智慧合約運行的地方）的龐大數據，但它們仍然屬於以太坊生態系的一部分。這些資料包被設計成臨時存在，只會在網路上保留 18 到 25 天，之後就會被移除。

Key characteristics of blobs include:
「blobs」的主要特色包括：

1. Size: Each blob can be up to 128 KB in size, significantly larger than the data typically included in Ethereum transactions.
   大小：每個 blob 最多可達 128 KB，遠大於一般以太坊交易中包含的資料量。

2. Purpose: Blobs are primarily intended to serve layer-2 solutions, particularly rollups, by providing a more cost-effective way to post data on the Ethereum mainnet.
   目的：blobs 主要是為第二層方案（尤其是 rollup 滾動區塊）而設，讓它們能以更經濟實惠的方式將資料發佈到以太坊主網。

3. Verification: While blobs are not processed by the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), their integrity is verified using a cryptographic technique called KZG commitments.
   驗證：雖然 blobs 不會被以太坊虛擬機（EVM）直接處理，但它們的完整性會透過一種稱為 KZG 承諾的加密技術加以驗證。

4. Temporary Nature: Unlike traditional blockchain data that is stored indefinitely, blobs are designed to be temporary, reducing long-term storage requirements.
   臨時性：與永久存放的區塊鏈資料不同，blobs 是設計用來暫時存留，進而減少長期的儲存需求。

Blobs are intimately related to the idea of "proto-danksharding," an intermediary stage toward complete sharding in Ethereum (we'll discuss this in a minute). Named for its proposers Protolambda and Dankrad Feist, protos-danksharding presents a novel transaction type (EIP-4844) allowing bl blob insertion.
「blobs」與「proto-danksharding」（原型丹克分片）的概念密不可分。這是以太坊邁向完整分片前的重要過渡階段（我們等一下會討論這個）。proto-danksharding 以兩位提出者 Protolambda 和 Dankrad Feist 的名字命名，引入了一種新型態交易（EIP-4844），允許 blob 的插入。

Here's how blobs work in the context of proto-danksharding:
在 proto-danksharding 方案下，blobs 的運作方式如下：

1. Layer-2 solutions (like rollups) generate transaction data.
   第二層解決方案（如 rollup）產生交易資料。

2. This data is formatted into blobs.
   這些資料被轉換成 blobs 形式。

3. The blobs are attached to special transactions on the Ethereum mainnet.
   blobs 被掛載於以太坊主網的特殊交易之中。

4. Validators and nodes verify the integrity of the blobs using KZG commitments, without needing to process the entire blob data.
   驗證者與節點僅需要透過 KZG 承諾來驗證 blobs 的完整性，無需處理全部 blob 的資料。

5. The blob data is available for a limited time, allowing anyone to reconstruct the layer-2 state if needed.
   blobs 資料只會暫時可用，如有需要時任何人都可以據此重建 Layer-2 狀態。

6. After 18-25 days, the blob data is discarded, but a commitment to the data remains on-chain indefinitely.
   經過 18-25 天後，blobs 資料會被移除，但對該資料的承諾（commitment）會永久留存在鏈上。

Blobs' introduction has various advantages:
blobs 推出的好處包含：

1. Reduced Costs: By providing a more efficient way for rollups to post data on Ethereum, blob transactions can significantly reduce fees for layer-2 users.
   降低成本：blobs 讓 rollup 等方案更有效率地發佈資料到以太坊，大幅降低 Layer-2 使用者的手續費。

2. Increased Scalability: Blobs allow for more data to be included in each Ethereum block without increasing the computational load on the network.
   提升擴展性：blob 容許每個以太坊區塊納入更多資料，但不會額外增加網路運算負擔。

3. Improved Data Availability: While blob data is temporary, it ensures that layer-2 data is available for challenge periods in optimistic rollups or for users who need to reconstruct the layer-2 state.
   改善資料可用性：儘管 blob 資料是暫時的，卻能確保在「挑戰期」內，樂觀 rollup 或需要重建 Layer-2 狀態的使用者可以取得必要資料。

4. Preparation for Sharding: Proto-danksharding serves as a stepping stone towards full sharding, allowing the Ethereum ecosystem to gradually adapt to new data management paradigms.
   為分片鋪路：proto-danksharding 作為通往完整分片的過渡，讓以太坊生態能逐步適應新世代的資料管理模式。

Blobs' introduction, meantime, also brings difficulties:
然而 blobs 的引入同樣帶來一些挑戰：

1. Increased Bandwidth and Storage Requirements: Nodes will need to handle larger amounts of data, even if temporarily.
   更高頻寬與儲存需求：就算只有暫時，節點仍需處理大量資料。

2. Complexity: The addition of a new transaction type and data structure increases the overall complexity of the Ethereum protocol.
   增加複雜度：新交易型態與數據結構，讓以太坊協議的複雜度提升。

3. Potential Centralization Pressures: The increased resource requirements might make it more challenging for individuals to run full nodes.
   潛在的中心化壓力：更高資源需求可能讓個人運營全節點變得更困難，產生某種中心化趨勢。

Blobs and proto-danksharding are a key component in balancing scalability, decentralization, and security as Ethereum keeps developing towards Ethereum 2.0. Blobs provide the path for a more scalable Ethereum ecosystem by offering a more efficient data availability layer, especially helping layer-2 solutions growingly significant in the blockchain scene.
blobs 和 proto-danksharding 是在以太坊朝向 2.0 發展過程中，平衡可擴展性、去中心化與安全性的關鍵元件。藉由打造更高效率的資料可用層，blobs 為以太坊生態鋪設出更具擴展性的道路，並特別強化了 Layer-2 解決方案在區塊鏈領域日益重要的地位。

Proto-danksharding: Ethereum's Stepping Stone to Scalability

Proto-danksharding：以太坊踏向擴展性的墊腳石

Proto-danksharding was already mentioned above. Let's investigate it more closely.
上面已經提過 proto-danksharding，讓我們更深入了解。

Representing a major turning point in Ethereum's scalability road plan, it is sometimes known as EIP-4844 (Ethereum Improvement Proposal 4844). Aiming to drastically lower data costs for roll-ups and other layer-2 scaling solutions, this idea—named for its proposers Protolambda and Dankrad Feist—serves as an intermediary toward true sharding.
這是以太坊擴展性發展路線上的一大轉捩點，有時也以 EIP-4844（以太坊改進提案 4844）稱之。該提案旨在大幅降低 rollup 及其他 Layer-2 解決方案的資料成本，以提出者 Protolambda 與 Dankrad Feist 為名，是邁向完整分片的中介階段。

First one must comprehend sharding before one can grasp proto-danksharding.
要理解 proto-danksharding，須先理解「分片」的概念。

Sharding is a method of database partitioning whereby a blockchain is broken out into smaller, more controllable shards. By means of parallel data storage and transaction processing, each shard can theoretically increase the capacity of the network. Implementing full sharding, however, is a difficult task requiring major modifications to the Ethereum protocol.
分片是一種資料庫分割法，會把區塊鏈拆分成更小、更易管理的分片。透過平行的資料儲存與交易處理，每個分片理論上都可提升網路總容量。不過，要實現完整分片，要對以太坊協議進行大幅修改，技術難度極高。

Proto-danksharding brings many important ideas:
proto-danksharding 帶來幾項重要創新：

1. Blob-carrying Transactions: A new transaction type that can carry large amounts of data (blobs) that are separate from the execution layer.
   帶 blob 的交易：新型態的交易能攜帶大量獨立於執行層的大型資料（blobs）。

2. Data Availability Sampling: A technique that allows nodes to verify the availability of blob data without downloading the entire blob.
   資料可用性取樣：一種讓節點無需下載完整 blob 也可驗證其可用性的技術。

3. KZG Commitments: A cryptographic method used to create succinct proofs of blob contents, enabling efficient verification.
   KZG 承諾：這是一種加密方法，可產生 blob 內容的簡潔證明，進而有效驗證資料。

4. Temporary Data Storage: Blob data is only stored by the network for a limited time (18-25 days), after which it can be discarded while maintaining a commitment to the data on-chain.
   臨時性存儲：blobs 資料僅有有限時間（18-25 天）留存在網路上，之後可被刪除，但資料的承諾則永存於區塊鏈上。

Proto-danksharding operates in this manner:
proto-danksharding 的運作流程如下：

1. Layer-2 solutions (like rollups) generate transaction data.
   第二層方案（如 rollup）產生交易資料。

2. This data is formatted into blobs (binary large objects).
   這些資料包裝成 blob（二進位大型物件）的格式。

3. The blobs are attached to special transactions on the Ethereum mainnet.
   blobs 被附加於以太坊主網的特殊交易內。

4. Validators and nodes verify the integrity of the blobs using KZG commitments, without needing to process the entire blob data.
   節點和驗證者透過 KZG 承諾驗證 blob 的完整性，無須讀取所有 blob 內容。

5. The blob data is available for a limited time, allowing anyone to reconstruct the layer-2 state if needed.
   blobs 資料於有限時間內存取，任何需要重建 Layer-2 狀態的人都可以取得。

6. After the retention period, the blob data is discarded, but a commitment to the data remains on-chain indefinitely.
   保存期限過後，blob 資料會被刪除，惟對該資料的承諾則永遠記錄於鏈上。

Proto-danksharding has numerous important advantages:
proto-danksharding 有多項重要優勢：

1. Reduced Costs: By providing a more efficient way for rollups to post data on Ethereum, blob transactions can significantly reduce fees for layer-2 users. This could potentially reduce costs by a factor of 10-100x.
   降低成本：幫助 rollup 以更有效率的方式在以太坊發佈資料，大幅減少 Layer-2 用戶手續費，潛在能降至原本的十分之一到百分之一。

2. Increased Scalability: Blobs allow for more data to be included in each Ethereum block without increasing the computational load on the network. Ethereum's data capacity might so rise by up to 100x.
   提升擴展性：blobs 讓每個以太坊區塊能容納更多資料，卻不會加重運算負載，資料容量最高可提升百倍。

3. Improved Data Availability: While blob data is temporary, it ensures that layer-2 data is available for challenge periods in optimistic rollups or for users who need to reconstruct the layer-2 state.
   資料可用性提升：即使 blob 屬於臨時性資料，仍能確保於挑戰期間或重建 Layer-2 狀態時可以取得必須的資訊。

4. Gradual Protocol Evolution: Proto-danksharding allows the Ethereum ecosystem to adapt to new data management paradigms gradually, paving the way for full sharding in the future.
   漸進式協議演進：proto-danksharding 讓以太坊生態能逐步適應新型態的資料管理模式，為未來實現完整分片鋪路。

However, implementing proto-danksharding also presents challenges:
然而，實施 proto-danksharding 亦帶來挑戰：

1. Increased Complexity: The addition of a new transaction type and data structure increases the overall complexity of the Ethereum protocol.
   協議複雜度提升：新的交易型態和資料結構令以太坊協議更為複雜。

2. Node Requirements: Nodes will need to handle larger amounts of data, even if temporarily, which could increase hardware requirements.
   節點硬體需求：節點即使僅暫時，也必須處理更多資料，可能會增加對硬體的要求。

3. Potential Centralization Pressures: The increased resource requirements might make it more challenging for individuals to run full nodes, potentially leading to some degree of centralization.
   潛在中心化壓力：資源需求提高會讓個人運作全節點更困難，有集權化的潛在風險。

4. Ecosystem Adaptation: Layer-2 solutions and other Ethereum tools will need to be updated to fully leverage the benefits of proto-danksharding.
   生態系統適應：Layer-2 方案及各類以太坊工具需更新，以完整發揮 proto-danksharding 帶來的效益。

A pivotal stage in Ethereum's development, protos-danksharding balances the demand for more scalability with the difficulties of putting intricate protocol updates into effect. A more scalable Ethereum environment is made possible by offering a more effective data availability layer.
proto-danksharding 是以太坊發展過程的關鍵階段，在追求更佳擴展性的同時，也兼顧了複雜協議升級的落地。藉此，以太坊得以提供更高效率的資料可用層，實現更易於擴展的環境。

Distributed Validator Technology (DVT): Enhancing Proof-of-Stake Security

分散式驗證者技術（DVT）：提升權益證明安全性

Validator technology has become a thing in the world of Ethereum since the Merge in 2022, when the Proof-of-Work protocol was ditched in favor of the Proof-of-Stake.
自 2022 年以太坊合併（The Merge）完成、以權益證明（Proof-of-Stake）取代工作量證明（Proof-of-Work）後，驗證者相關技術就成為以太坊生態的重要話題。

But many people still don’t understand how this technology works.
但許多人對這項技術的原理仍不清楚。

Maintaining network security and decentralization depends critically on the idea of Distributed Validator Technology (DVT). Particularly in networks like Ethereum 2.0, DVT marks a dramatic change in the way validators behave inside proof-of-stake systems.
維持網路安全性與去中心化，分散式驗證者技術（DVT）扮演了至關重要的角色。特別是在 Ethereum 2.0 這類網路上，DVT 代表驗證者運作方式出現重大變革。

Fundamentally, DVT lets one validator run several nodes, therefore dividing the tasks and dangers related to validation among several participants. This method contrasts with conventional validator configurations in which one entity oversees all facets of the validation process.
從根本上說，DVT 允許單一驗證者由多個節點（參與者）共同運作，將驗證的任務和風險分攤給多位參與者。這和傳統單一實體管理所有驗證流程的設定大相徑庭。

DVT's fundamental elements consist in:
DVT 的基本組成要素包括：

1. Validator Client: The software responsible for proposing and attesting to blocks.
   驗證者客戶端：負責提出區塊與區塊背書的軟體。

2. Distributed Key Generation (DKG): A cryptographic protocol that allows multiple parties to collectively generate a shared private key.
   分散式金鑰產生（DKG）：一套讓多方共同產生、共同持有私鑰的加密協議。

3. Threshold Signatures: A cryptographic technique that enables a group of parties to collectively sign messages, with a certain threshold of participants required to create a valid signature.
   門檻式簽章：一種讓多名參與者共同產生訊息簽章、只要達到某門檻人數即有效的簽章技術。

Usually, the DVT procedure proceeds this:
一般來說，DVT 流程如下：

1. A group of operators come together to form a distributed validator.
   多人組成一個分散式驗證者。

2. They use DKG to generate a shared validator key, with each operator holding a portion of the key.
   他們透過 DKG 產生共享的驗證者金鑰，每位成員持有一部分金鑰。

3. When the validator needs to perform an action (e.g., proposing or attesting to a block), a threshold number of operators must cooperate to sign the message.
   當驗證者需要執行操作（如提出區塊、簽章）時，只要達到某門檻的成員合作即可完成簽名。

4. The resulting signature is indistinguishable from one produced by a single validator, maintaining compatibility with the broader network.
   最終產生的簽名與單一驗證者產生的無異，對外可完全相容主網驗證。

DVT has various important benefits:
DVT 具有多項重要優勢：

1. Enhanced Security: By distributing the validator key across multiple operators, the risk of a
   強化安全性：透過多人持有金鑰

（註：您的內容至此停止於一個未完成的句子，如需後續內容翻譯請補充）single point of failure is dramatically reduced. Even if one operator is compromised or goes offline, the validator can continue to function.

單一故障點（single point of failure）大幅降低。即使某一個運營者被攻擊或離線，驗證者仍然能夠繼續運作。

2. Increased Uptime: With multiple operators, the chances of the validator being available to perform its duties at all times are greatly improved, potentially leading to higher rewards and better network performance.

3. 提高運作時間：有多位運營者參與，驗證者能夠隨時執行職責的機率大幅提升，這有可能帶來更高的獎勵以及更好的網路效能。

4. Decentralization: DVT allows for a more decentralized network by enabling smaller operators to participate in validation without taking on the full risk and responsibility of running a validator independently.

5. 去中心化：DVT 讓較小的運營者可參與驗證，無須獨自承擔所有風險與責任，促成更加去中心化的網路。

6. Slashing Protection: In proof-of-stake systems, validators can be penalized (slashed) for misbehavior. By requiring several operators to concur on activities, DVT can help avoid inadvertent slicing.

7. 懲罰保護（Slashing Protection）：在權益證明（proof-of-stake）系統中，驗證者因行為不當可能會遭受懲罰（slashing）。DVT 透過要求多位運營者共同決策，可協助避免誤觸懲罰。

However, DVT also presents certain challenges:

然而，DVT 同時也帶來一些挑戰：

1. Complexity: Implementing DVT requires sophisticated cryptographic protocols and coordination between multiple parties, adding complexity to validator operations.

2. 複雜性：導入 DVT 需高度複雜的加密協議並需多方協調，這為驗證者運作增加了難度。

3. Latency: The need for multiple operators to coordinate could potentially introduce latency in validator actions, although this can be mitigated with proper implementation.

4. 延遲：多位運營者互相協調可能讓驗證者動作產生延遲，雖然這可能透過妥善實作來緩解。

5. Trust Assumptions: While DVT reduces single points of failure, it introduces the need for trust between operators of a distributed validator.

6. 信任假設：雖然 DVT 降低了單點故障風險，但同時也需要分散式驗證者之間的互信。

7. Regulatory Considerations: The distributed nature of DVT may raise questions about regulatory compliance and liability in some jurisdictions.

8. 法規考量：DVT 的分散特性可能在某些司法管轄區引發合規與責任相關的疑慮。

DVT is probably going to become more crucial in maintaining their security and decentralization as proof-of-stake networks develop. While various implementations are now under development or early deployment, projects like Ethereum 2.0 are aggressively investigating the inclusion of DVT.

隨著權益證明網路發展，DVT 很可能會愈趨重要，有助維護其安全與去中心化。目前各種實作方式正在開發或早期部署階段，像是 Ethereum 2.0 等專案也正積極研究將 DVT 納入網路中。

Adoption of DVT could have broad effects on the architecture of proof-of-stake networks, so enabling new types of validator pooling and delegation that strike security, decentralization, and accessibility in balance.

DVT 的採用可能對權益證明網路的架構產生廣泛影響，使新的驗證者分池與委託機制成為可能，兼顧安全性、去中心化與可及性。

Dynamic Resharding: Adaptive Blockchain Partitioning

動態重分片：自適應區塊鏈分割

Last but not least, let’s talk dynamic resharding. Based on the idea of sharding but adding a layer of flexibility that lets the network react to changing needs in real-time, it offers a fresh method of blockchain scalability.

最後我們來談談「動態重分片」。這是基於分片（sharding）概念，加入一層靈活性，讓網路能即時對變化的需求做出反應，帶來全新的區塊鏈擴展性方案。

Often referred to as "the holy grail of sharding" by some blockchain aficionados, this technology promises to solve one of the most enduring issues in blockchain design: juggling network capacity with resource use. Sounds really complicated, right?

有些區塊鏈愛好者稱這項技術是「分片的聖杯」，它有望解決區塊鏈設計中最難纏的一個老問題：如何兼顧網路容量與資源利用。聽起來相當複雜，對吧？

Understanding dynamic resharding requires first a comprehension of the fundamentals of sharding:

要理解動態重分片，必須先認識分片技術的基礎：

Adapted for blockchain systems, sharding is a database partitioning method. It entails breaking out the blockchain into smaller, more controllable shards. Every shard may store data in parallel and handle transactions, therefore theoretically increasing the capacity of the network.

在區塊鏈系統中，分片是一種資料庫分割技術。它將區塊鏈劃分成一個個較小、易於管理的分片，每個分片可以同時儲存資料與處理交易，理論上能提升網路整體容量。

Dynamic resharding advances this idea by letting the network change the amount and arrangement of shards depending on present network state. 

動態重分片進一步擴展這個概念，允許網路根據當前狀態動態調整分片的數量及配置。

This flexible strategy presents a number of possible benefits.

這種靈活策略帶來多項潛在優點。

The network can guarantee effective use of network resources by building new shards during periods of high demand and merging unused shards during low demand.

當需求高漲時建立新分片，需求低時合併閒置分片，確保網路資源有效利用。

Dynamic resharding lets the blockchain expand its capacity without using a hard fork or significant protocol update as network use rises. Redistributing data and transactions among shards helps the network to keep more constant performance throughout the blockchain.

動態重分片允許區塊鏈在用量上升時無須硬分叉或重大協議升級即可擴充容量。透過分片間重新分配資料與交易，協助網路維持穩定效能。

Dynamic resharding can also enable the network to change with unanticipated events as shard breakdowns or demand surges.

動態重分片還能讓網路對分片失效或突發需求等不可預期事件即時應對。

The process of dynamic resharding typically involves several key components.

動態重分片的過程通常包含幾個關鍵元件。

Monitoring System continuously analyzes network metrics such as transaction volume, shard utilization, and node performance. Decision engine uses predefined algorithms and possibly machine learning techniques to determine when and how to reshard the network. Coordination protocol ensures all nodes in the network agree on the new shard configuration and execute the resharding process consistently. As shards are split or combined, safely moves data and state information between them.

監控系統（Monitoring System）持續分析網路數據（如交易量、分片利用率、節點效能等）。決策引擎（decision engine）利用預先定義的演算法，可能還結合機器學習手法，來判斷何時及如何重分片。協調協議（coordination protocol）確保所有節點都同意新的分片配置，並一致執行重分片作業。分片拆分或合併時，還必須安全地轉移資料與狀態資訊。

Here is a condensed synopsis of possible dynamic resharding applications:

以下列舉一個簡化版的動態重分片應用流程：

1. The monitoring system detects that a particular shard is consistently processing near its maximum capacity.

2. 監控系統偵測到某一分片長期處於接近最大處理能力的狀態。

3. The decision engine determines that this shard should be split into two to balance the load.

4. 決策引擎判斷該分片應該被拆成兩個以分攤負載。

5. The coordination protocol initiates the resharding process, ensuring all nodes are aware of the impending change.

6. 協調協議啟動重分片程序，確保所有節點都了解即將發生的變更。

7. The network executes a carefully choreographed process to create the new shard, migrate relevant data, and update routing information.

8. 網路會依序建立新分片、移轉相關資料並更新路由資訊，整個過程經過嚴謹規劃。

9. Once complete, the network now has an additional shard to handle the increased load.

10. 完成後，網路便擁有一個新增的分片以應付更高的負載。

While dynamic resharding offers exciting possibilities, it also presents significant technical challenges.

雖然動態重分片帶來令人期待的可能性，但同時也存在不少重大技術挑戰。

Implementing a system that can safely and efficiently reshard a live blockchain network is extremely complex, requiring sophisticated consensus and coordination mechanisms. Also, ensuring that all pertinent state information is accurately kept and easily available when data flows across shards is a non-trivial issue in state management.

安全又高效地讓實際運作中的區塊鏈網路進行重分片本身極為複雜，需要嚴密的共識與協調機制。當跨分片搬移資料時，如何確保所有相關狀態資訊正確存取，這也是狀態管理中的一大難題。

Dynamic resharding has to consider transactions across several shards, which can get more difficult depending on the shard arrangement. Then, the security issues. The resharding procedure itself has to be safe against attacks aiming at network manipulation during this maybe vulnerable operation. The dynamic resharding monitoring and decision-making procedures add extra computational burden to the network.

動態重分片還需考慮跨分片交易問題，根據分片結構可能會變得更複雜。此外，重分片過程本身必須防止遭受攻擊者在這段脆弱時機進行網路操控。動態重分片的監控與決策程序也會增加網路運算負擔。

Notwithstanding these difficulties, various blockchain initiatives are actively looking at and creating dynamic resharding techniques. Near Protocol, for instance, has set up a kind of dynamic resharding in its mainnet so the network may change the amount of shards depending on demand.

儘管如此，各種區塊鏈專案都積極研究並開發動態重分片技術。例如 Near Protocol 已在其主網引入了某種形式的動態重分片，可以根據需求調整分片數量。

Dynamic resharding may become increasingly important as blockchain technology develops in building scalable, flexible networks able to enable general adoption of distributed apps and services.

隨著區塊鏈技術發展，動態重分片對於打造可擴展且彈性的網路顯得愈來愈重要，有助於推動分散式應用與服務的大規模採用。