穩定幣作為專為維持穩定價值而設計的數位代幣,近年來已成為全球加密貨幣市場的基石。從過去僅供加密交易者的小眾工具,一舉成為奈及利亞的日常支付利器,到華爾街的數十億美元交易。去年其總交易量達 27.6 兆美元——已超越 Visa 與 Mastercard 全年度交易總額。
隨著穩定幣使用激增,各國政府也加速訂立法規:美國參議院近期通過具有里程碑意義的美元穩定幣監管法案,歐洲與亞洲則推進各自的監管架構。本文以美聯社報導方式,全面梳理穩定幣當前發展,包括全球不同產業與國家的採用情況、主流穩定幣玩家和最新進展,以及監管機構的因應措施,一窺 2025 年穩定幣現狀。
什麼是穩定幣?為何如此重要?
穩定幣是一類掛勾法幣或大宗商品等儲備資產的加密貨幣,目的是維持價值穩定。多數穩定幣以 1:1 錨定美元、歐元等主要貨幣,有些則追蹤黃金等資產。這類設計能避免比特幣等幣種巨幅波動,使穩定幣在波動劇烈的加密經濟中成為可靠的交易媒介及價值儲存手段。世界經濟論壇研究指出,穩定幣發行的本質就是承諾與外部錨點保持穩定。
第一批穩定幣約出現於 2014 年,Tether 開創了以美元擔保的加密代幣模式。通常發行方(如 Tether 或 Circle)持有現金或美國國債等儲備資產,透過區塊鏈發行等量的代幣。用戶可隨時以 1 代幣兌換 1 美元(或其他錨定資產),理論上維持其價格穩定。有些穩定幣用演算法或加密抵押(如 TerraUSD,崩盤前)取代法幣備存,但目前市場主流仍是法幣儲備型穩定幣,信譽與可靠度較高。
穩定幣為何受歡迎? 因為它們彌合了傳統貨幣與加密世界的鴻溝。價格穩定,讓用戶可用加密方式交易,卻毋須擔憂價值暴跌。例如 USDC 或 USDT 皆應維持 1 美元,明天、明年同樣價格——不似一天內可能劇烈波動 10% 的比特幣。這種穩定性,讓穩定幣成為支付、匯款和數位儲蓄的理想形式。它們就像「數位現金」:全球傳送快速便捷,卻同樣穩定如美元本身。
**「穩定幣就是美元的代理人,」**非洲加密交易所 Yellow Card 執行長 Chris Maurice 解釋。貨幣貶值嚴重的地區,持有 USDT 就能在手機上等同於擁有美元;已開發經濟體則藉穩定幣享有全年無休、即時支付功能,是傳統銀行做不到的。此外,穩定幣也為大部分加密交易和去中心化金融供給穩定計價單位。
全球穩定幣需求強勁成長
近年來穩定幣需求急遽增長,成為加密產業、甚至傳統金融不可或缺的元素。流通穩定幣供給年成長達 28%,截至 2024 年總交易額已達 27.6 兆美元,高於 Visa 及 Mastercard 年交易額總和,突顯其全球資金流動的關鍵地位。
目前 Tether(USDT)遙遙領先,是最大穩定幣,市值已超 1,500 億美元(2025 年中)。自 2014 推出以來,已在多條公鏈(Ethereum、Tron、Solana 等)流通,穩定幣全球交易量佔主導地位。第二大為 Circle 推出的 USD Coin(USDC),市值超 600 億美元。這兩者合計市佔 2,500 億美元以上,為穩定幣市場絕對主力。2023 年初,USDC 流通約 370 億,Tether 為 720 億;隨後用戶更偏好 Tether,差距持續拉大。
各地區採用差異明顯。 亞洲與歐洲以 USDT 為主,北美則偏好 USDC。這反映東亞交易者多年來以 Tether 作為美元替代,即便中國等地無法直接用美元,離岸 USDT 交易極為活躍;而美國機構與交易所因 USDC 合規嚴謹,更願意使用。地域也影響幣種選擇:雖全球以美元穩定幣佔主流(美元仍是全球儲備貨幣),但各類歐元(EURC)、日圓(GYEN)、瑞士法郎(XCHF)穩定幣亦漸受關注,規模雖小但成長中。
穩定幣在多地區的加密交易占比巨大。 例如中西歐 2023–2024 年間,穩定幣佔當地加密交易量近半。Chainalysis 數據顯示,在歐洲,100 萬美元以下的穩定幣交易成長速度為北美的 2.5 倍,顯示零售與商業用戶大量採用。在英國和歐盟,穩定幣每季佔加密支付服務 60-80%,反映許多企業和個人偏好用價格穩定的代幣支付。即使是小額消費或匯款,穩定幣也越來越成為首選加密資產。
新興市場成長最為明顯。 非洲和拉丁美洲在通膨和貨幣危機中,穩定幣成了金融救命繩。撒哈拉以南非洲地區現今穩定幣採用率全球最高,平均佔居民 9.3%,奈及利亞更高達 11.9%(2,590 萬人),全區加密交易 43% 為穩定幣。主因有其經濟必然:「約 70% 非洲國家外匯短缺,」Yellow Card 的 Maurice 指出,「企業難以獲得美元……穩定幣讓這些企業有機會繼續營運。」當奈及利亞奈拉或衣索比亞比爾快速貶值,民眾會將積蓄轉成美元穩定幣避險。許多非洲小型進口商更直接用 USDT/USDC 向海外供貨商支付,跳過失靈的銀行外匯系統。
在阿根廷,2024 年底年通膨飆破 143%,民眾同樣選擇以穩定幣避險。當地企業與消費者無法取得美元,就改以穩定幣保值及交易。「有如阿根廷一般無法取得美元的消費者……商家也利用穩定幣支付參與全球貿易流,」英國金融科技 BVNK 的 Chris Harmse 指出。從布宜諾斯艾利斯到拉哥斯,穩定幣正在世界多地帶來數位美元化,讓人們擁有一種比本地貨幣更穩定的數位貨幣。
先進經濟體也出現主流應用跡象。 如今歐洲月均穩定幣資金淨流入已高達 100-150 億美元,非洲各大交易所近月穩定幣更超越比特幣成為收款首選。全球穩定幣市值至 2025 年中已膨脹至 2,560 億美元,大型發行機構更成為傳統金融市場舉足輕重的角色。約 80% 穩定幣備抵資產投資於美國國債等工具—約 2,000 億美元,使發行商成為美債重要買家。Tether Ltd. 最近披露其美國國債部位已超過 1,200 億美元,成為全球第五大美債持有者。這也說明穩定幣早非加密圈「新玩意」;它已經與全球資金流徹底交織。「穩定幣已成為加密貨幣不可或缺的新資產類別,」世界經濟論壇強調,如今其影響早已跨越加密領域本身。
主流穩定幣動態一覽
市面上穩定幣種類繁多,但使用量仍以少數美元掛勾型代幣為主。以下總結市場主流穩定幣的近況:
Tether(USDT)——美元穩定幣霸主
USDT 是歷史最悠久且市佔最大穩定幣,自 2014 年由 Tether Limited 發行,以 1:1 錨定美元,並於多條公鏈(主要是 Ethereum、Tron)流通。截至 2025 年,Tether 市值約在 1,500~1,600 億美元,佔全體穩定幣 60% 以上。其成長驚人——2023 年初約 700 億,2025 年已破 1,400 億,受惠於競爭對手動盪時填補了市場空缺。USDT 日均交易量常與比特幣不相上下,展現其作為加密市場流動性引擎的地位。
雖坐擁龍頭,Tether 長年被外界質疑備抵金及資訊透明度。多年來,外界一直質疑每一顆 USDT 是否真由 1 美元等值的安全資產支撐。2021 年 Tether 因未完全備金、資訊不實等問題,遭美國監管調查並裁罰 4,100 萬美元。其後,Tether 宣稱大幅強化準備金,以短期美國國債、現金等流動資產為主。管理層表示 firm earned enormous profits from interest on its Treasury holdings in the high-rate environment of 2023–24. By mid-2025 Tether even announced it was among the top buyers of U.S. government debt, underscoring its financial heft. However, transparency remains a concern – Tether provides quarterly attestations but still does not undergo full public audits, drawing criticism from regulators and analysts.
該公司在 2023–24 年高利率環境下,靠著其所持有的美國國債獲得了巨額利潤。到了 2025 年中,Tether 甚至宣布已成為美國國債的主要買家之一,突顯其資金實力。然而,透明度仍然是外界關注的問題——Tether 雖每季公佈資產佐證報告,但至今仍未接受全面公開審計,因此受到監管機構與分析師批評。
USDT’s geographic stronghold is in Asia and emerging markets. It is heavily used on exchanges serving Chinese and Asian customers, often as a dollar substitute for trading crypto or storing value offshore. In countries like Turkey, Venezuela, and Nigeria, USDT is popular for protecting against local currency inflation (traders swap devaluing lira/bolivar/naira for Tether’s stable dollars). Notably, even though China bans cryptocurrency trading, underground markets persist where people trade yuan for USDT to move money abroad – giving Tether a unique role in global capital flows. Tether’s widespread use in regions with less regulatory oversight partly explains how it can operate from offshore jurisdictions and grow despite scrutiny in the U.S. “The irony is the more conservative, compliant stablecoin issuers became easier targets [for regulators]. In contrast, Tether, the largest stablecoin and also regarded as riskiest, is largely offshore,” observed Ledger Insights when U.S. regulators cracked down on a rival in 2023.
USDT 在地理上最強勢的市場為亞洲及新興市場。它在服務中國及亞洲用戶的交易所被廣泛使用,經常作為美元替代品,用於加密貨幣交易或離岸儲值。在土耳其、委內瑞拉和奈及利亞等國,USDT 受歡迎的原因是能抵禦當地貨幣通膨(交易者將貶值的里拉/玻利瓦爾/奈拉兌換成 Tether 的穩定美元)。值得注意的是,儘管中國禁止加密貨幣交易,地下市場依然存在,人們透過人民幣兌換 USDT 將資金移出國外——這讓 Tether 在全球資本流動上扮演了獨特角色。Tether 在監管較弱地區的大量應用,也部分解釋了它為什麼能以離岸公司身分運作並繼續壯大,即便面臨美國嚴格審查。“弔詭的是,合規性更高、態度保守的穩定幣發行商反而更易成為(監管)打擊目標。相比之下,被視為風險較高且規模最大的 Tether,大多在離岸發行,”Ledger Insights 在 2023 年美國監管機構打擊其競爭對手時如是觀察。
Recent developments: Tether has been riding a wave of renewed dominance. After a competitor’s setback in 2023 (the temporary depegging of USDC, discussed below), many crypto users flocked back to the relatively higher-liquidity USDT, pushing its market share up. Tether’s issuer says it now maintains one of the most liquid reserve portfolios in the industry, composed mostly of cash equivalents. In a June 2025 statement, Tether said it “already holds over $120B in U.S. Treasuries” and emphasized its commitment to highly liquid reserves. The company also signaled plans to diversify some reserves into Bitcoin – committing a portion of profits to buy BTC – a move that drew both praise (for potential upside) and concern (for introducing volatility into reserves). So far, USDT has maintained its peg reliably, even amid market stresses. It dipped only briefly ($0.97) during the market panic of May 2022 and quickly recovered, reinforcing user confidence. However, Tether remains unregulated by any major government (it’s incorporated in the British Virgin Islands) and uninsured, so its long-term stability rests largely on the issuer’s credibility and asset management. Any major loss of confidence in Tether could pose systemic risk to crypto markets, a fact that keeps regulators watchful.
近期發展: Tether 正搭上重新崛起的浪潮。2023 年(下文將談及 USDC 的暫時脫鉤)競爭對手出現挫折後,許多加密用戶再次湧向流動性更高的 USDT,使其市佔率上升。Tether 發行方聲稱,目前擁有產業內流動性最高的儲備組合之一,主要由現金等價物組成。2025 年 6 月,Tether 公告表示其“已持有超過 1,200 億美元的美國國債”,並強調儲備高度流動化。公司也表示有計畫將部分儲備多元化至比特幣——承諾將部分利潤用於購買 BTC——這一舉措既受到期待(潛在收益),也引發擔憂(帶入儲備波動性)。目前為止,USDT 即便在市場壓力下仍然穩固維持掛鉤。2022 年 5 月市場恐慌時曾短暫跌至 $0.97,但迅速回升,強化了用戶信心。但 Tether 迄今未受任何主要政府監管(註冊地在英屬維京群島)且未受保險保障,其長期穩定性主要仰賴發行方的信譽與資產管理。若 Tether 信心大幅流失,恐對整體加密市場造成系統性風險,也是監管機構持續關注的重點。
USD Coin (USDC) – A Coinbase and Circle Collaboration
USD Coin (USDC) 是由 Circle Internet Financial 與 Coinbase 於 2018 年共同創立(Centre Consortium 名義下)的第二大穩定幣。USDC 著重於透明度與法規合規,旨在成為機構信任的美元穩定幣。截至 2025 年初,USDC 市值約 $580–620 億。其完全以現金與美國短天期國債儲備,並存放於受美國監管的金融機構。Circle 每月會公佈國際會計事務所出具的資產佐證報告,確認儲備等於或高於流通中的 USDC。Circle 甚至創立了由黑石(BlackRock)管理的 Circle 儲備基金,用於管理美債資產層級審查。這種策略使 USDC 受到重視安全與守法的美國企業與用戶歡迎——例如,許多美國加密公司將 USDC 用於庫存與支付,美國匯款公司 MoneyGram 及 Visa 亦透過試點計畫整合 USDC 清算。
USDC has generally maintained a very tight 1:1 peg to the dollar. However, in March 2023, USDC faced a serious stress test during the U.S. banking turmoil. Circle revealed that $3.3 billion of USDC’s cash reserves were stuck at Silicon Valley Bank, which had suddenly failed. Fear spread that USDC might not be fully redeemable, and the token broke its peg, plunging as low as $0.88 on March 11, 2023. Circle publicly assured it would cover any shortfall and that USDC remained redeemable 1:1, and U.S. regulators’ decision to backstop SVB’s deposits ultimately calmed the markets. By Monday, USDC redemptions resumed and the coin climbed back to $1.00, but the incident undermined confidence. “No matter how sound Circle’s operations are, this sort of depeg tends to fundamentally undermine confidence,” one analyst noted during the scare. Indeed, USDC’s market share fell in the aftermath – dropping from about $40B to $30B as some users switched to Tether or other options.
USDC 一直維持極嚴格的 1:1 美元掛鉤。然而,2023 年 3 月美國銀行業危機時,USDC 接受了嚴峻考驗。Circle 公開披露有 33 億美元的儲備現金滯留在突然倒閉的矽谷銀行(SVB)。市場恐慌,擔憂 USDC 兌回能力,導致其市價於 2023 年 3 月 11 日跌至最低 $0.88。Circle 迅速承諾會補足缺口、1:1 兌回不變,美國監管機構隨後宣布擔保 SVB 存款,市場隨即恢復平靜。下週一 USDC 兌回重啟,幣價回升至 $1.00,但事件已傷及信心。正如一位分析師所言:“不管 Circle 經營多穩健,這種脫鉤事件都會根本打擊信心。”事實上,這次事件後 USDC 的市佔自約 $400 億滑落至 $300 億,不少用戶改持 Tether 或其他選項。
Circle took lessons from that episode: it moved all reserve cash to larger banks and the Fed’s reverse repo facility via BlackRock’s fund, to avoid single-bank risk. By 2024, USDC stabilized and Circle continued expanding its reach. USDC is widely used in U.S. regulated exchanges and fintech apps, and sees heavy volume in DeFi protocols due to its reliability. Circle has also launched Euro Coin for euro-denominated stable value, though EURC remains much smaller. In a sign of the times, Circle went public on the New York Stock Exchange in June 2025 (after a previous SPAC attempt fell through). Following the U.S. Senate’s passage of a stablecoin bill, Circle’s newly listed stock surged amid optimism for compliant stablecoins, gaining over 12% in a day. Circle’s CEO hailed pending regulation as an opportunity for “full-reserve digital dollars” to proliferate with government blessing.
Circle 從這次事件學到教訓:隨後將全部儲備現金轉移至大型銀行與經由黑石基金進入聯邦逆回購機制,降低單一銀行風險。2024 年後 USDC 重回穩定,Circle 繼續拓展影響力。USDC 在美國受監管交易所及金融科技 App 廣泛使用,因為穩健可靠,DeFi 協議中的交易量也很大。Circle 同時推出歐元穩定幣 Euro Coin,但 EURC 規模較小。時代徵兆顯現:Circle 於 2025 年 6 月登錄紐約證交所(前次 SPAC 失敗),正值美國參議院通過穩定幣法案,Circle 新股大漲一天超過 12%。Circle 執行長讚揚新法令是“全儲備數位美元”能在政府認可下擴展的契機。
Recent news: With regulatory clarity on the horizon in the U.S., USDC stands to benefit as a “model citizen” stablecoin. It already adheres to many of the expected rules – e.g. holding 1:1 safe reserves, monthly disclosures. Circle has been actively courting government and financial industry partnerships. For instance, Bank of America and Stripe have hinted at stablecoin initiatives involving USDC. Circle also partnered with Apple Pay and others to enable USDC payments in traditional contexts. Although USDC’s growth slowed in 2023, it resumed modest growth in 2024 and now, buoyed by potential federal endorsement, USDC’s market share is creeping back up (recently 24%, from 22% earlier in 2025). Circle argues stablecoins like USDC can serve the unbanked and improve remittances, aligning with financial inclusion goals. The coming year will test whether USDC can challenge Tether’s global dominance or if it will remain the preferred stablecoin within regulated markets and fiat on-ramps.
最新消息: 隨著美國穩定幣監管明朗化,USDC 以“模範生”姿態受惠。它橫跨多項預期規定,例如 1:1 安全儲備與每月公開揭露。Circle 積極與政府與金融業建立合作,例如美國銀行(Bank of America)、Stripe 均暗示將推出涉及 USDC 的穩定幣業務。Circle 也牽手 Apple Pay 等合作夥伴,推動 USDC 於傳統支付場景中使用。雖然 USDC 2023 年成長速度放緩,2024 年恢復小幅增長,如今在聯邦背書預期下,市佔率再度回升(近期由 22% 到 24%)。Circle 強調,USDC 等穩定幣可服務無銀行戶口人群並改善國際匯款,符合金融包容願景。未來一年將考驗 USDC 能否挑戰 Tether 的全球霸主地位,或會長期作為受監管市場與法幣入金渠道的首選穩定幣。
Binance USD (BUSD) – Rise and Regulatory Halt
BUSD, the Binance USD stablecoin, provides a cautionary tale of regulatory risk. Launched in 2019 by Paxos Trust in partnership with Binance, BUSD was a USD-backed stablecoin approved by the New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS). It grew rapidly thanks to its association with Binance – the world’s largest crypto exchange – reaching a market cap over $20 billion by late 2022. By early 2023, BUSD was the third-largest stablecoin and widely used on Binance’s platform (Binance even auto-converted other stablecoins into BUSD for a time to concentrate liquidity). However, in February 2023, BUSD’s trajectory reversed sharply.
BUSD(幣安美元穩定幣)為監管風險提供了一個警示案例。BUSD 由 Paxos Trust 公司於 2019 年與幣安合作發行,並經紐約州金融服務署(NYDFS)核准,是美元儲備支持的穩定幣。由於與全球最大加密交易所幣安的關係,BUSD 發展快速,2022 年底市值超過 200 億美元。2023 年初,BUSD 成為第三大穩定幣,並在幣安平台上廣泛流通(當時幣安甚至曾將其他穩定幣自動轉換為 BUSD,以集中流動性)。然而,2023 年 2 月 BUSD 命運急轉直下。
NYDFS ordered Paxos to halt issuance of new BUSD tokens effective Feb. 21, 2023, citing “unresolved issues” in Paxos’ oversight of its relationship with Binance. In parallel, the U.S. SEC issued Paxos a Wells notice indicating the SEC viewed BUSD as an unregistered security (an allegation Paxos disputed). Paxos, as a regulated New York trust company, complied with the NYDFS directive. It assured customers that BUSD would remain fully redeemable 1:1 for USD at least through Feb. 2024 and that reserves were safe. But with no new minting, BUSD’s market cap began a steady decline, essentially only shrinking “over time” going forward. Within a few months, BUSD in circulation fell by more than 70%, dropping from $16B to around $4–5B by mid-2023. By mid-2024, Binance and Paxos wound down support – Binance stopped trading pairs in BUSD, and Paxos planned to cease redemptions after ensuring holders could cash out their tokens.
NYDFS 於 2023 年 2 月 21 日要求 Paxos 停止發行新 BUSD,理由為其與幣安關係的監管問題“尚未解決”。同時,美國證券交易委員會(SEC)發函通知 Paxos,認為 BUSD 涉嫌未註冊證券(Paxos 予以反駁)。作為受監管的紐約信託公司,Paxos 遵守了命令,並保證 BUSD 至少到 2024 年 2 月都可 1:1 兌換成美元,儲備金安全。由於無法增發,BUSD 市值開始持續下滑,未來僅會“逐步縮減”。數月內流通 BUSD 下跌超 70%,從 160 億美元減至 2023 年中約 40–50 億。到 2024 年中,幣安與 Paxos 結束 BUSD 支持——幣安停止 BUSD 交易對,Paxos 則計劃確保用戶可兌回後終止換回服務。
The regulatory action against BUSD was striking because Paxos was known for its conservative, compliant approach. Unlike Tether, Paxos held BUSD reserves entirely in U.S. Treasuries and cash and underwent NYDFS audits. Observers speculated the Binance branding and the possibility of commingled oversight issues triggered the clampdown. As Ledger Insights noted, “the more conservative stablecoin issuers [like Paxos] are easier targets because they desire to be compliant,” whereas offshore players were beyond U.S. jurisdiction. Indeed, the crackdown appeared aimed at indirectly reining in Binance (which was facing broader U.S. scrutiny) by cutting off its dollar token. In the end, no consumer losses occurred – BUSD holders were made whole through redemptions, and by July 2024 the SEC quietly dropped its investigation without pursuing enforcement. But the episode sent a clear message: even fully backed stablecoins can be stopped in their tracks if regulators perceive risks. BUSD’s demise also demonstrates market concentration risk – when Binance users lost their primary stablecoin, many shifted to alternatives like USDT, boosting Tether’s dominance.
BUSD 被查封格外引人注目,因為 Paxos 一向以謹慎守法著稱。不像 Tether,Paxos 將 BUSD 儲備全部放在美國國債與現金,並接受 NYDFS 審計。外界推測與幣安品牌及監管重疊風險有關。Ledger Insights 指出:“保守且合規的穩定幣發行商(如 Paxos)反成為易受打擊對象,因為他們追求合規;而離岸發行者則超出美國管轄。”此舉也被認為是以堵住美元穩定幣間接約束幣安(因幣安同時遭更多美國調查)。最終消費者並未受損——BUSD 持有人均獲全額兌回,2024 年 7 月 SEC 也悄悄結束調查未採取執法行動。這一事件發出的訊息明確:即使是 100% 儲備的穩定幣,只要監管認為有疑慮,也能被勒令停止。BUSD 的退場同時顯示市場集中風險——幣安用戶失去主力穩定幣後,大多改持 USDT,進一步壯大 Tether 主導地位。
MakerDAO’s DAI and Decentralized Stablecoins
Not all stablecoins are issued by centralized firms. DAI is the leading decentralized stablecoin, managed by the MakerDAO protocol on Ethereum. Launched in 2017, DAI is collateralized not by fiat reserves but by crypto assets: users lock cryptocurrencies (like ETH, USDC, etc.) in smart contracts to mint DAI, maintaining over-collateralizatio* to ensure DAI’s value stays $1. DAI’s supply is around $4 billion in 2025, making it the fourth-largest stablecoin. It plays a vital role in DeFi
並非所有穩定幣都由中心化企業發行。DAI 則是去中心化穩定幣的代表,由以太坊上的 MakerDAO 協議運作。DAI 於 2017 年問世,並非以法幣為儲備,而是以加密資產作為抵押品:用戶將加密貨幣(如 ETH、USDC 等)鎖入智能合約以鑄造 DAI,且維持超額抵押,確保 DAI 價值穩定於 $1。2025 年 DAI 流通量約 40 億美元,為第四大穩定幣,在 DeFi 領域扮演關鍵角色。as a trustless dollar token – no single company controls DAI, and it’s governed by a distributed community of MKR token holders.
作為一種去信任化的美元代幣,DAI 並未由單一公司控制,而是由分散的 MKR 代幣持有者社群共同治理。
Over time, MakerDAO has evolved DAI’s model to strengthen its peg stability. Originally backed solely by ETH, DAI expanded to accept diverse collateral (including wrapped Bitcoin and stablecoins like USDC). After the 2022 crypto crashes, Maker increased its resilience by allocating a significant portion of reserves to real-world assets and Treasuries. Today a large chunk of DAI is indirectly backed by USDC (which the protocol holds as collateral) and by yield-bearing vaults invested in short-term bonds. Ironically, this means DAI – conceived as fully decentralized money – now depends partly on centralized assets to stay stable. MakerDAO’s community has hotly debated this trade-off between purity and stability. In 2023–24, Maker initiated an “Endgame” plan to eventually reduce reliance on USDC and even explore letting DAI’s peg float in the distant future, but for now DAI remains roughly 1:1 with USD. MakerDAO also introduced the DAI Savings Rate, currently around 3.3%, sharing revenue from its real-world investments with DAI holders to incentivize holding DAI.
隨著時間演進,MakerDAO 持續優化 DAI 的模型以強化其穩定幣掛鉤。DAI 最初僅以 ETH 作為抵押品,如今已擴展至接受各式資產(包含包裹比特幣和像 USDC 這類穩定幣)。2022 年加密貨幣市場崩跌後,MakerDAO 增加了抗風險能力,將大部分準備金分配到實體資產和美國國債。目前,大量 DAI 其實是間接由 USDC(協議作為抵押品持有)及投資於短期債券的收益型金庫所背書。具有諷刺意味的是,這代表原本設計成完全去中心化貨幣的 DAI,現在卻部分依賴中心化資產來維持穩定。MakerDAO 社群針對純粹性與穩定性的權衡進行了激烈討論。2023–24 年,Maker 啟動了「Endgame」計畫,目標逐步降低對 USDC 的依賴,甚至考慮未來讓 DAI 掛鉤浮動,但現階段 DAI 仍大致維持 1:1 錨定美元。MakerDAO 也推出了 DAI 儲蓄利率(目前約 3.3%),將其於實體投資的收益分享給 DAI 持有者,鼓勵大家持有 DAI。
Algorithmic stablecoins – which maintain pegs via algorithms or arbitrage rather than full collateral – are another category, but one that suffered a major blow with the collapse of TerraUSD (UST). UST, an algorithmic dollar stablecoin on Terra blockchain, grew to a $18+ billion market cap by early 2022, then infamously imploded in May 2022, wiping out billions in value. Its failure (losing its $1 peg and spiraling to near-zero) showed the dangers of under-collateralized designs. The Terra debacle shattered confidence in purely algorithmic stabilizers; since then, most new stablecoins have opted for robust collateral models. Even so, a few projects persist. Frax (FRAX) introduced a semi-algorithmic coin partially backed by collateral, which has held its peg relatively well with supply in the low billions. USDD, an algorithmic stablecoin on Tron network launched by Justin Sun, aims to maintain a $1 peg via crypto reserves and intervention; it briefly lost peg to $0.97 in late 2022 and now has a smaller $400M supply. These alternatives remain niche compared to giants like USDT/USDC.
演算法穩定幣——透過演算法或套利機制,而非完全抵押方式來維持錨定——雖然是一個不同類型,但在 TerraUSD (UST) 崩盤後遭受重創。UST 是 Terra 區塊鏈上的美元算法穩定幣,2022 年初市值一度高達 180 億美元,卻在 2022 年 5 月聲名狼藉地崩盤,造成數十億美元價值蒸發。這次失敗(失去 1 美元掛鉤並一路崩到接近零)暴露了低抵押設計的風險。Terra 事件徹底打擊了市場對純粹演算法穩定機制的信心;之後大多新穩定幣都選擇了強健的抵押品模型。儘管如此,仍有些專案持續運行。Frax (FRAX) 推出半演算法、部分由抵押物背書的穩定幣,供應量在數十億美元範圍內表現掛鉤相對穩定。Justin Sun 推出的 Tron 網路算法穩定幣 USDD,則透過加密資產儲備與協議干預維持 $1 錨定,2022 年底短暫脫鉤至 $0.97,現供應量縮小至約 4 億美元。這些替代方案相較 USDT/USDC 等巨頭仍屬於小眾。
In DeFi, 2023–2024 saw some innovative stablecoin launches: e.g., Aave’s GHO, a decentralized over-collateralized stablecoin by the Aave lending protocol; Curve Finance’s crvUSD, which uses a novel AMM-based peg mechanism; and Ethena Labs’ USDe, a synthetic stablecoin reportedly backed by a combination of on-chain derivatives and real-world assets. Notably, by mid-2025, Ethena’s USDe has grown to a $5.65B market cap (about 2.25% of the stablecoin market) and is gaining traction, indicating room for new players with hybrid designs. These DeFi-native stablecoins are important for keeping the ecosystem decentralized – for example, DAI and USDe provide non-bank alternatives if regulators clamp down on fiat-backed coins. However, regulators are paying attention here too; MiCA in Europe and U.S. bills define “asset-referenced tokens” broadly, potentially covering algorithmic coins.
在 DeFi 領域,2023–2024 年出現了多款創新型穩定幣:像是去中心化借貸協議 Aave 推出的 GHO(超額抵押穩定幣)、Curve Finance 上採用新型 AMM 掛鉤機制的 crvUSD、還有 Ethena Labs 推出的 USDe——傳聞同時由鏈上衍生品及真人世界資產組合背書。值得注意的是,到 2025 年中,Ethena 的 USDe 市值已達 56.5 億美元(約佔穩定幣市場 2.25%),逐漸提升市場接受度,顯示混合設計新進者仍有成長空間。這些原生於 DeFi 的穩定幣對維護生態系去中心化至關重要——例如當監管機關加強打壓法幣抵押穩定幣時,DAI 與 USDe 可成為非銀行型替代選擇。然而,監管單位同樣密切關注此領域:歐洲 MiCA 規範與美國法案廣泛界定了「資產參照型代幣」,有可能涵蓋演算法穩定幣。
In summary, decentralized stablecoins like DAI offer censorship-resistant digital dollars critical for open finance, but they currently constitute a small fraction of the overall stablecoin supply. Terra’s collapse serves as a reminder of the importance of reserves – regulatory efforts now insist on full reserve backing to avoid another UST scenario. Going forward, the stablecoin sector may bifurcate into regulated fiat-backed coins (like USDC, coming bank coins) and decentralized crypto-backed coins, each serving different user preferences and risk appetites.
總結來說,像 DAI 這類去中心化穩定幣提供了抗審查的數位美元,對開放金融至關重要,但目前在所有穩定幣供應中僅占小部分。Terra 崩潰提醒人們準備金的重要性,監管趨勢也朝向強制全額儲備,以避免另一個 UST 事件。未來穩定幣領域可能會發展為合規法幣抵押型代幣(如 USDC、銀行推出的穩定幣)與去中心化加密抵押型代幣各自並行,滿足不同用戶偏好與風險承受度。
New Entrants: PayPal’s PYUSD and Other Corporate Stablecoins
A significant recent trend is traditional financial and tech companies issuing their own stablecoins. Perhaps the most prominent example is PayPal USD, launched in August 2023 by the payments giant PayPal. PYUSD is a dollar stablecoin issued by Paxos Trust (the same regulated issuer behind BUSD and USDP) on Ethereum, fully backed by U.S. dollar deposits and Treasuries. PayPal introduced it as a way for PayPal users to seamlessly buy, sell, hold, and send dollars on blockchain. The move was hailed as a watershed moment: one of the biggest mainstream fintech firms embracing crypto technology. PYUSD’s adoption has been gradual – by mid-2025 its circulation is just under $1 billion – but PayPal has millions of users, and the coin is positioned to integrate with online merchants and remittances via PayPal’s network. PayPal’s CEO described the stablecoin as crucial to the company’s vision for faster, borderless payments. Just recently, PayPal partnered with Fiserv, a major payments processor, to explore interoperability so consumers can use PayPal’s PYUSD and Fiserv’s upcoming stablecoin across platforms.
值得注意的近年趨勢,是傳統金融機構與科技公司紛紛開始發行自家穩定幣。其中最受矚目的當屬 PayPal USD(PYUSD),由支付巨頭 PayPal 於 2023 年 8 月發布。PYUSD 是 Paxos Trust(BUSD、USDP 背後的合規發行方)在以太坊上發行的美元穩定幣,完全由美國存款與國債全額擔保。PayPal 推出 PYUSD,旨在讓用戶可於區塊鏈上無縫購買、出售、持有與轉帳美元。這被外界認為是分水嶺事件:主流金融科技巨頭擁抱加密貨幣技術的一大步。到 2025 年中,PYUSD 的採用仍屬漸進——流通量略低於十億美元——但由於 PayPal 擁有數以百萬計的用戶,該幣有望藉由 PayPal 網路整合線上商家與匯款業務。PayPal 執行長甚至表示,穩定幣是公司實現更快速、無國界支付願景的關鍵。近期,PayPal 與主要支付處理商 Fiserv 合作,致力於跨平台互通,讓消費者能同時運用 PYUSD 與 Fiserv 預計上線的新穩定幣。
Indeed, Fiserv announced in June 2025 it will launch its own stablecoin called FIUSD by year-end. Fiserv plans to integrate FIUSD into its payment infrastructure at 10,000 banks and 6 million merchants, essentially bringing stablecoin capabilities to a huge swath of the financial system. The coin will be offered at no extra cost to merchants and is intended to reduce payment frictions (even potentially lowering card interchange fees by using blockchain rails). Fiserv is also looking at “deposit tokens” – bank-issued digital dollar tokens that function like stablecoins but sit within the banking system – as a bridge for banks to use stablecoins in a capital-friendly way. This highlights a trend of fintech/banking convergence with stablecoin tech.
實際上,Fiserv 在 2025 年 6 月宣布,年底前將推出自家穩定幣 FIUSD。Fiserv 計劃把 FIUSD 整合進其 1 萬家銀行與 600 萬家商戶支付網絡,等於將穩定幣能力帶入龐大金融體系。此幣將無額外成本供應給商家,目標是減少支付摩擦(甚至可能藉區塊鏈技術降低刷卡手續費)。Fiserv 也積極研究「存款代幣」,即銀行發行的美元數位代幣,運作方式與穩定幣類似,但置於銀行體系內——作為銀行以資本友善方式運用穩定幣的橋樑。這凸顯了金融科技/銀行與穩定幣科技融合的新趨勢。
Large banks are not far behind. JPMorgan Chase pioneered an internal stablecoin-like token, JPM Coin, for settling institutional transfers back in 2019. In 2025, JPMorgan expanded this concept with JPMD, a new deposit-backed digital dollar token for corporate clients**, to streamline daily settlements. Other banks have reportedly shown interest: “I’ve had multiple conversations with the largest banks in the world wanting a stablecoin. They’re calling us saying: ‘I need a stablecoin in 8 weeks, how can we get one?’” said Adam Ackermann, head of portfolio management at Paxos, in June 2025. This suggests major banks see stablecoins (or similar tokens) as essential for future payment plumbing, likely due to the benefits of 24/7 instant settlement and programmability.
大型銀行也馬上跟上。摩根大通早於 2019 年便推出內部專用的類穩定幣 JPM Coin 供機構資金結算使用。2025 年,摩根大通更進一步推出 JPMD,一種專為企業客戶設計、以存款資金背書的美元數位代幣,簡化日常結算流程。據報導,其他銀行也興趣濃厚:Paxos 產品組主管 Adam Ackermann 於 2025 年 6 月表示:「全球最大銀行多次找上我們要穩定幣。他們打電話直接說:我需要一種穩定幣,八週內怎麼能拿到?」這顯示大型銀行已將穩定幣(或類似代幣)視為未來支付系統中不可或缺的管道,主要是因其 24 小時即時結算與可程式化特性帶來的優勢。
Outside banking, tech firms and payment networks are exploring stablecoins as well. Stripe, a global payments processor, has signaled plans to integrate stablecoin payouts for online businesses and creators, although it hasn’t launched its own coin. Visa has been testing USDC for settling cross-border transactions on its network since 2021 and in 2023 expanded those pilots with crypto wallets. Mastercard too joined hands with Paxos in 2023 to help banks offer stablecoin trading to customers, and it is involved in projects to settle card payments in stablecoins. These moves indicate that stablecoins are permeating traditional payment systems, not just crypto exchanges.
除銀行外,科技公司與支付網路也積極投入穩定幣領域。國際支付平台 Stripe 計畫讓線上商家與創作者可接受穩定幣付款(但並未發行自家代幣)。Visa 早自 2021 年便開始以 USDC 處理跨境結算,2023 年進一步與加密錢包合作擴大試點。Mastercard 也於 2023 年攜手 Paxos 協助銀行提供穩定幣交易服務,並參與穩定幣結算信用卡款項的創新專案。這些發展象徵穩定幣已逐漸滲透進傳統支付系統,而非僅存於加密貨幣交易所。
Regulators have taken note of Big Tech’s interest. One concern raised in the U.S. Senate was that the stablecoin bill does not prevent large tech companies from issuing their own stablecoins. This harkens back to Facebook’s attempted Libra (later Diem) stablecoin project in 2019, which was stymied by regulatory pushback over fears a private tech-issued currency could undermine financial stability. While Libra never launched, the concept survives: if rules allow, giants like Amazon, Google, or Apple might eventually issue branded stablecoins for use in their ecosystems. Policymakers are divided – some welcome innovation, others warn of risks if “Big Tech stablecoins” gain unchecked power. For now, the most notable corporate coins are still PayPal’s PYUSD and upcoming fintech efforts like FIUSD. Their development, under proper licenses, suggests a future where consumers might routinely use a PayPal dollar or bank digital dollar to pay for goods, all riding on stablecoin rails behind the scenes.
監管機關密切關注大型科技公司涉足穩定幣產業。美國參議院曾質疑現有穩定幣法案並未禁止大型科企發行自家幣。這讓人想起 2019 年 Facebook 曾試圖推動的 Libra(後改名 Diem)穩定幣專案,卻因外界擔憂科技巨頭私有貨幣將衝擊金融穩定而遭到監管打壓。Libra 雖未面世,概念卻仍存在:只要規範開放,像 Amazon、Google、Apple 這類巨擘都可能推出自家品牌穩定幣予生態系使用。政策制定者意見兩極——有些歡迎創新,有些則憂慮「巨型科技穩定幣」勢力過大帶來的風險。目前企業穩定幣仍以 PayPal 的 PYUSD 和即將登場的新金融科技產品(如 FIUSD)為主。這類代幣在合規架構下發展,預示未來消費者可能日常使用 PayPal 美元或銀行數位美元購物,實際上背後均是穩定幣網絡在運作。
Other notable entrants include Paxos’s own USDP (Pax Dollar), a smaller regulated USD token $0.9B supply, and TrueUSD, a stablecoin that saw spikes in usage after Binance promoted it in 2023. TUSD at one point surpassed $2B in circulation when Binance used it as a BUSD substitute, though questions about its banking partners caused temporary suspensions of minting, and it later hovered around $500M. Also of interest, government-related experiments: for example, Hong Kong’s central bank is exploring a HKD-pegged stablecoin in partnership with banks, and some nations consider using stablecoins as a stepping stone to their own central bank digital currencies. Overall, the entry of established financial players signals that stablecoins are moving from the periphery of crypto into the mainstream financial and payments arena.
其他值得關注新進者包括 Paxos 自家發行、供應量 9 億美元的合規型美元代幣 USDP(Pax Dollar),以及 TrueUSD——這款穩定幣在幣安 2023 年大力推廣後出現用量飆升。TUSD 曾因被當作 BUSD 替代品流通量一度突破 20 億美元,但隨後因銀行合作疑慮暫停增發,目前徘徊於 5 億美元上下。此外,政府相關實驗方向也值得關注:如香港金管局正與多家銀行合作推動港幣掛鉤穩定幣,一些國家則將穩定幣視為邁向發行中央銀行數位貨幣的踏板。總體來看,老牌金融機構加入顯示穩定幣正從加密邊陲邁向主流金融與支付舞台。
Use Cases: How Stablecoins Are Used Across Sectors
Originally conceived as a tool for crypto traders, stablecoins today power a variety of use cases across different spheres. Here are the key areas where stablecoin adoption and development are most notable:
- Digital Asset Trading and Market Liquidity: Stablecoins are the lifeblood of cryptocurrency trading. On virtually every exchange, traders use stablecoins like USDT or USDC as a convenient quote currency to swap into and out of volatile crypto assets. This allows them to park value in stable form without leaving the crypto ecosystem. For instance, instead of cashing out to a bank (which can be slow or inaccessible on weekends), a trader can sell Bitcoin for USDT and hold the value steady. Stablecoins have largely replaced traditional fiat on exchanges – many platforms no longer even offer USD bank deposits, relying on stablecoins as the dollar proxy. This has made stablecoins among the most traded assets in the
- 數位資產交易與市場流動性: 穩定幣是加密貨幣交易的命脈。幾乎所有交易所,交易者都用 USDT 或 USDC 等穩定幣作為便利的報價貨幣,方便在波動激烈的加密資產間進出。這讓他們能把價值以穩定形式留在加密生態內,不必轉回法幣。例如,交易者無須提現至銀行(週末可能緩慢或無法存取),只要賣出比特幣換成 USDT,就能穩定保存資產價值。如今穩定幣已大幅取代交易所傳統法幣——許多平台甚至已不再提供美金入金,只依賴穩定幣作為美元代表。這使得穩定幣成為市場上成交最頻繁的資產之一。world by volume. In fact, by 2024 stablecoins were handling about $450 billion in transaction volume per month, roughly half of Visa’s monthly volume. During market volatility, investors often flock to stablecoins for safety, causing surges in market cap. For example, during the 2022 crypto crash, overall stablecoin supply initially rose as investors sold risky assets for stable tokens as a safe harbor. In short, stablecoins provide the liquidity and stability that oil the wheels of the crypto markets.
全球以交易量計算。事實上,到2024年,穩定幣每月處理的交易量約為4,500億美元,差不多是Visa每月交易量的一半。在市場波動期間,投資人經常湧向穩定幣尋求安全,導致市值激增。例如,在2022年加密貨幣崩盤期間,隨著投資人賣出高風險資產換取作為避風港的穩定幣,穩定幣總供應量最初反而上升。簡而言之,穩定幣為加密貨幣市場注入流動性和穩定性,就像潤滑油一樣。
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Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Stablecoins are the backbone of DeFi, enabling lending, borrowing, and yield generation without fiat. On protocols like Aave, Compound, and MakerDAO, users lend stablecoins to earn interest or borrow stablecoins against collateral. DeFi stablecoin lending markets often have tens of billions in liquidity. Stablecoins are also critical for decentralized exchanges (DEXs) – many trading pairs on Uniswap or Curve involve a stablecoin (e.g., ETH/USDC) to minimize volatility and impermanent loss. In fact, specialized DEXes like Curve have pools composed entirely of stablecoins, allowing low-slippage swaps between different dollar tokens. According to industry data, stablecoins represent a significant portion of total value locked (TVL) in DeFi. For example, Curve’s pools for euro stablecoins (like stEUR/agEUR) and bridged USDC on Layer-2 networks grew substantially by 2025. DeFi projects have also launched their own stablecoins (as discussed, like DAI, GHO, crvUSD) to strengthen ecosystem independence from centralized coins. These decentralized stablecoins facilitate truly on-chain financial services, from derivatives to savings accounts, while insulating users from crypto market swings. However, DeFi stablecoins can face volatility during extreme events – e.g. even DAI wavered to $0.97 briefly during the March 2023 USDC panic due to its USDC collateral, showing the interconnected risks.
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去中心化金融(DeFi): 穩定幣是DeFi的支柱,使放貸、借貸和收益產生無需法幣即可實現。在Aave、Compound和MakerDAO等協議上,使用者可以出借穩定幣賺取利息,或用抵押物借出穩定幣。DeFi穩定幣借貸市場的流動性通常有數十億美元。穩定幣對去中心化交易所(DEX)也至關重要——Uniswap或Curve上的許多交易對都包含一種穩定幣(例如ETH/USDC),用以降低波動與無常損失。事實上,像Curve這類專門型DEX,其資金池專為穩定幣設計,能讓不同美元穩定幣間以極低滑點兌換。根據業界資料,穩定幣在DeFi的總鎖倉價值(TVL)中佔有相當大比例。例如,到2025年,Curve針對歐元穩定幣(如stEUR/agEUR)及第二層網路上的橋接USDC的資金池大幅增長。DeFi項目也推出自家穩定幣(如DAI、GHO、crvUSD),以增強生態系統對中心化穩定幣的獨立性。這些去中心化穩定幣實現真正鏈上的金融服務,從衍生品到儲蓄帳戶,同時幫助用戶隔離加密市場的劇烈波動。然而,在極端事件下,DeFi穩定幣仍可能波動——例如2023年3月USDC恐慌期間,因DAI擁有USDC抵押,也一度跌至0.97美元,反映出風險的連動性。
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Payments and Remittances: One of the most promising use cases is using stablecoins for payments – especially cross-border remittances and transfers. Stablecoins enable sending money globally at any time within minutes, for fees often just a few cents, far outperforming traditional remittance channels. This is transforming remittances in regions like Africa and Latin America. For example, in Nigeria many people now use stablecoins to send funds to family abroad or receive payments from overseas, avoiding the high fees of Western Union or bank wires. “Cross-border remittances are a major use case for stablecoins in Nigeria… It’s much faster and more affordable,” notes Moyo Sodipo of Nigerian exchange Busha. Chainalysis found that sending a$200 remittance via stablecoin is about 60% cheaper on average for Sub-Saharan Africa than using fiat remittance services. The speed is also superior – a stablecoin transfer typically settles in seconds to minutes on blockchain, whereas an international bank transfer can take days. This has led diaspora communities and even aid organizations to adopt stablecoins for moving funds. We are also seeing fintech collaborations: e.g., MoneyGram teamed up with Stellar network to let users convert cash to USDC and vice versa at MoneyGram locations, blending physical and digital for remittances. That service, rolled out in 2022–23, allows someone to deposit local cash and have their relative withdraw as cash in another country, with USDC doing the value transfer under the hood.
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支付與匯款: 穩定幣最具潛力的應用之一就是支付,尤其是跨境匯款與轉帳。穩定幣讓資金能在全球隨時於數分鐘內完成轉帳,手續費通常只需幾美分,遠勝傳統匯款管道。這正改變非洲、拉美等地的匯款模式。例如,尼日利亞許多人已經用穩定幣來給國外親人匯款或收取海外款項,避開西聯匯款或銀行電匯的高費用。尼日利亞交易所Busha 的Moyo Sodipo指出:「跨境匯款是穩定幣在尼日利亞的主要應用…又快又便宜。」Chainalysis發現,撒哈拉以南非洲地區用穩定幣匯款平均比傳統法幣匯款便宜約60%。速度也更優——穩定幣轉帳通常在區塊鏈上數秒到數分鐘內完成,而國際銀行轉帳可能要花數天。這使海外僑民社群,甚至慈善組織,也開始選擇用穩定幣移轉資金。此外金融科技合作也正興起:如MoneyGram與Stellar合作,讓用戶能在MoneyGram門市以現金換USDC及反向操作,結合實體與數位匯款。該服務於2022–23年推出,讓一人在本地以現金存款,親人則可在異國領現,背後由USDC負責價值轉移。
Beyond remittances, stablecoins are entering everyday payments and commerce. Merchants in some countries now accept USDT/USDC for goods – from retail shops in Venezuela to tech freelancers globally taking payment in stablecoins. Stablecoin payment processors (like BitPay, Circle’s APIs, or BVNK in Europe) help convert stablecoin payments to local currency for merchants, mitigating volatility. In the U.K., companies like BVNK provide gateways for businesses to accept stablecoin from customers and settle in fiat if desired. Micropayments and gig economy pay are another area: freelancers and remote workers are increasingly paid in stablecoins, especially when banking options are limited or when working for overseas employers. The appeal is immediate receipt of funds and avoidance of hefty currency conversion fees. For instance, a Filipino virtual assistant working for a U.S. client can be paid in USDC online and swap to local pesos as needed, sidestepping delays and fees of international banking.
除匯款之外,穩定幣也漸漸融入日常消費與商業。某些國家的商家已接受USDT/USDC作為貨款支付——從委內瑞拉的零售商店,到全球各地的科技接案者接收穩定幣作為薪資。穩定幣支付處理商(如BitPay、Circle的API,或歐洲的BVNK)協助商家將接收到的穩定幣迅速兌換為本地法幣,減輕匯率波動風險。在英國,像BVNK這類公司提供商業用戶受理穩定幣並選擇以法幣結算的對接管道。微支付與零工經濟薪資也是一大應用:越來越多自由工作者或遠端員工以穩定幣收款,特別是在本地銀行選擇有限或為海外雇主工作時。其吸引力在於可立即收到款項,並避免高昂的貨幣兌換費。舉例來說,一位菲律賓虛擬助理為美國客戶工作時可網上收取USDC,並依需求換回比索,省去國際匯款的延遲與手續費。
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Business Transactions and Cross-Border Trade: Stablecoins are finding a role in B2B uses, facilitating faster and cheaper settlements for companies. As noted, firms in countries with capital controls or dollar shortages use stablecoins to pay suppliers abroad. A major food importer in Africa, for example, might pay an Asian exporter in USDC, because opening a dollar letter of credit via banks is too slow or impossible due to foreign currency scarcity. Even large multinational corporations have dabbled in stablecoins for treasury operations – using them to shuffle funds between subsidiaries instantly. Stablecoins can also reduce counterparty risk in business deals: rather than relying on credit terms, a buyer can send a stablecoin that the seller knows is fully reserved and redeemable. In 2024, JPMorgan’s Onyx division reported a 15% rise in stablecoin use for cross-border B2B payments, as companies found it a useful alternative to SWIFT for smaller-value international transfers. The report noted that stablecoins were beginning to replace traditional wires in certain low-value, high-volume payment corridors.
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企業交易與跨境貿易: 穩定幣也正在B2B領域嶄露頭角,能為企業加速且降低成本地進行結算。如前所述,那些受資本管制或美元短缺國家的企業,便以穩定幣向海外供應商支付貨款。例如非洲某大型食品進口商,可能以USDC支付亞洲出口商,因為通過銀行開立美元信用狀過於冗長,有時甚至無法獲取外匯。甚至大型跨國企業,也開始用穩定幣進行金庫資金調度——子公司間資金能即時流動。穩定幣還能降低商業交易中的對手方風險:買方可以直接支付賣方完全有儲備且可贖回的穩定幣,而不必依賴賒帳。2024年,摩根大通Onyx部門報告跨境B2B支付採用穩定幣的比例上升了15%,企業認為這是處理小額國際轉帳時可取代SWIFT的選擇。報告指出,某些低金額、高頻率的支付通道中,穩定幣已開始逐步取代傳統電匯。
Settlements and trading among financial institutions are another sphere: Banks like Signature (before its closure) and Silvergate had internal token systems for instant settlements; now, stablecoins might fill that gap. Some brokerage firms and institutional trading platforms use stablecoins to move funds 24/7 between trading venues. There’s also growth in using stablecoins for commodities and trade finance. While still early, there have been pilot transactions where commodities like oil or grain were paid for with stablecoins, streamlining the process.
金融機構間的結算與交易 也是另一領域:如Signature(倒閉前)和Silvergate銀行曾有內部代幣系統以即時結算,如今穩定幣有機會填補這一缺口。有些證券經紀商和機構級交易平台,會用穩定幣全天候於不同交易所間調動資金。其次,穩定幣在大宗商品與貿易融資的應用也在成長——儘管仍在起步,已有油、穀物等商品用穩定幣付款的試點案例,使流程更有效率。
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Hedge Against Inflation and Dollar Substitute: As discussed in regional context, stablecoins have become a critical hedge for individuals in high-inflation economies. In places like Argentina, Turkey, Nigeria, and Lebanon, people have turned to stablecoins to protect savings from currency freefall. With smartphones and crypto wallets, average citizens can effectively hold U.S. dollars (via USDT/USDC) even if their government restricts access to foreign currency. This role of stablecoins as “store-of-value lite” has seen uptake by everyone from taxi drivers in Buenos Aires to small shop owners in Ankara. They may accept stablecoins as payment or convert excess local cash to stablecoins daily.
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抗通膨與美元替代品: 如前述,穩定幣已成為高通膨國家民眾重要的避險工具。在阿根廷、土耳其、尼日利亞、黎巴嫩等地,人們轉而用穩定幣來保護存款免於貨幣暴跌。透過手機與加密錢包,一般民眾即使在政府限制外匯時,依然能持有相當於美元(如USDT/USDC)的資產。穩定幣這種「輕量儲值」角色,從布宜諾斯艾利斯的計程車司機到安卡拉的小店老闆,無人不受用。這些人可能接收穩定幣作付款,或將多餘現金每天兌換成穩定幣。
In Lebanon’s economic crisis, USDT on the Tron network (chosen for low fees) became a popular way to get money in and out of the country as the banking system seized up. Thus stablecoins are functioning as an alternative to dollar cash in regions where physical dollars are scarce or banking is broken. Unlike a bank account that can be frozen or a stack of USD that can be stolen, a stablecoin wallet (if properly secured) offers some resilience – though users do face crypto-specific risks like losing private keys. This use case has drawn attention of central banks, as effectively it is dollarization via crypto, which could undermine local monetary policy. Nonetheless, for individuals in economic turmoil, the benefit of stability outweighs those macro concerns – making stablecoins incredibly valuable on a personal level.
在黎巴嫩經濟危機中,Tron鏈上的USDT(因手續費低而受選用)成了資金入出該國的熱門渠道,因為銀行體系陷入癱瘓。因此,當地實體美元稀缺或銀行失靈時,穩定幣就成了現金美元的替代品。不像銀行帳戶可能會被凍結,或美元現金可能遭竊,只要保管得當,穩定幣錢包能提高韌性——儘管用戶仍面臨私鑰遺失等加密貨幣專屬風險。這種用法也引起各國央行注意,因它等於用加密貨幣推動「去本幣化」(美元化),可能衝擊本地貨幣政策。然而,對於經濟動盪中的個人來說,穩定幣帶來的穩定價值遠超宏觀層面的顧慮,讓它變得極具個人價值。
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Serving the Unbanked and Underbanked: Stablecoins also have potential to expand financial access. Over 1 billion people globally lack bank accounts, but many have mobile phones. Stablecoins can enable them to store money, make payments, and access basic financial services without a bank. Projects in Latin America and Africa are leveraging stablecoins for humanitarian aid distribution, microloans, and savings programs. For instance, a refugee with no bank access can receive aid in a dollar stablecoin, spend it via mobile apps, or convert to local cash through peer networks. Both Tether and Circle have highlighted how their stablecoins are used by people in emerging markets who are underbanked. Of course, challenges remain – such users need a user-friendly interface and reliable on/off ramps to local currency. But companies and NGOs are working on simplifying crypto wallets and integrating with local mobile money agents. If successful, stablecoins could help bring millions into a form of modern financial system, bridging a gap where traditional banks have failed or left communities behind.
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服務無銀行服戶群與弱勢金融族群: 穩定幣也有潛力拓展金融普及。全球超過10億人沒有銀行帳戶,但多數都有手機,穩定幣能讓他們不需銀行就能存錢、支付、獲得基本金融服務。拉丁美洲及非洲已有專案運用穩定幣發放人道救援、提供小額貸款和儲蓄計畫。例如,一位沒有銀行帳戶的難民,可以獲得美元穩定幣作為援助,並透過手機App消費,或透過同儕網絡兌換為本地現金。Tether與Circle都強調,他們的穩定幣廣泛用於新興市場的弱勢金融族群。當然,挑戰依然存在——這些用戶需要更友善的介面,以及穩定幣與本地貨幣間可靠的出入金管道。不過,企業與NGO正在努力簡化加密錢包操作,並與本地行動支付代理整合。若這一改革成功,穩定幣可望為數百萬人帶來現代金融服務,彌補傳統銀行無法觸及、或遺落的社區。
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Programmable Money and New Innovations: Because stablecoins are digital and often run on smart contract platforms, they are programmable money. This opens up use cases not possible with cash or traditional electronic money. For example, businesses can program payments to occur automatically when conditions are met (like an escrow that releases stablecoin funds when a shipment delivery is confirmed). Insurance payouts could be automated via stablecoin smart contracts triggering on an event (parametric insurance). We also see stablecoins powering blockchain-based gaming and NFTs, where in-game currencies or marketplaces use stablecoins to denominate prices, ensuring that real-world value of in-game assets is stable. Micropayments for content (paying a few cents to read an article or stream video) become feasible with low-fee stablecoins in a way that credit card fees make impractical. In decentralized social networks, creators might earn stablecoin tips from followers globally, instantly. All these point to how stablecoins enable new economic interactions online, thanks to their stability combined with crypto’s open accessibility.
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可程式化貨幣與創新應用: 穩定幣本質為數位資產,且通常運作於智能合約平台上,因此它們屬於「可程式化貨幣」。這開啟許多現金或傳統電子貨幣無法實現的新用例。例如:企業可編寫自動付款邏輯(如貨品送達即自動釋放託管穩定幣);保險理賠可用智能合約於指定事件觸發自動付款(參數型保險)。我們也看到穩定幣用於區塊鏈遊戲和NFT,讓遊戲貨幣或市集直接以穩定幣標價,確保遊戲資產的現實價值不變。內容微支付(如付幾美分閱讀文章或觀看影片),可用低手續費穩定幣實現,突破信用卡費用過高的瓶頸。在去中心化社群平台,內容創作者可即時收到全球粉絲用穩定幣給的小費。這一切都展現出穩定幣的穩定性結合加密技術的開放性,為線上經濟互動創造新模式。
Insummary,穩定幣的發展早已超越了僅僅是交易者的工具——它們如今正推動著*更快的金融交易、更高的金融包容性,以及全球新型數位商業模式的誕生。隨著這些領域的使用日益增長,傳統金融與加密世界的界線逐漸模糊:一間小型企業可能會用穩定幣結算發票,卻不覺得自己在用「加密貨幣」;一個家庭可能會收到以穩定幣發送的匯款,再在其鄉村兌現。這項技術正深植於金融與商業的底層運作之中。
監管環境:全球動態與挑戰
穩定幣的迅速崛起——本質上是傳統銀行體系之外的數位美元——已經促使全球各地的監管機關作出回應。對於金融穩定、消費者保護以及非法用途的疑慮,推動了監管動作頻頻發生。以下簡述不同司法管轄區對於穩定幣的監管方式:
美國:從不確定到里程碑式法案
多年來,美國監管機關一直試圖以現有法律框架來處理穩定幣,但始終沒有完整的監管方案。這讓發行商處於灰色地帶——像是 Circle 與 Paxos 等公司會申請州級執照(如紐約信託公司執照)並嚴守儲備規範;而 Tether 則選擇離岸經營。SEC 與 CFTC 等機關偶爾會出手(2021 年對 Tether 的過往不實陳述處以罰款,或2023年調查 Paxos 的BUSD案例),但始終沒有專為穩定幣設立的明確聯邦規則。
2025 年 6 月,出現了突破性進展:美國參議院通過了兩黨合作的「GENIUS 法案」來規範穩定幣,這是首個在國會推進的主要加密貨幣立法。這項法案——被視為業界的「分水嶺時刻」——為支付型穩定幣(與美元掛鉤的穩定幣)設定了聯邦標準。法案要求任何美元穩定幣必須由高度流動性資產(如現金或短期國債)全額支持,發行商必須始終維持 1:1 儲備並每月公開披露這些儲備。這些保護機制旨在確保若發生穩定幣擠兌,不會讓消費者像 2022 年 Terra-Luna 崩盤時一樣手持一堆毫無價值的代幣。實際上,發行商將以窄式銀行或貨幣市場基金的模式運作,只能持有安全資產做為儲備。
參院法案同時規範哪些機構能夠發行穩定幣:對發行商設立審慎要求及 FDIC 投保資格(也就是說只有能夠取得聯邦存款保險資格的受監管機構能發行)。法案強制落實「即時兌換」——用戶必須可以隨時將穩定幣按面值換成實際美元。這項立法部分出於這樣的觀點:若加以妥善監理,穩定幣將有助於鞏固美元在數位時代的霸主地位。財政部長 Scott Bessent 在國會表示,這有望讓美元穩定幣市值於未來十年成長近八倍、達到兩兆美元。支持這項法案的議員認為,這將「使這個資產類別獲得正當性」並讓穩定幣自信地被納入金融體系。正如一位議員所言:「長期以來,穩定幣一直處於監管的灰色地帶……GENIUS 法案透過建立負責任創新的軌道來徹底改變。」
然而,該法案尚未成為法律——雖然以 68 比 30 的兩黨支持票數通過了參議院,但還需眾議院(由共和黨主導)通過,並由總統簽署。鑒於總統唐納德·川普領導的政府傾向支持加密產業(川普本人旗下的企業甚至發行過穩定幣,引發利益衝突爭議),許多人預期該法案或極為相似的內容將於 2025 年內成法。政壇也有爭議:部分民主黨人,如參議員 Elizabeth Warren,堅決反對該法案,認為它讓穩定幣市場更為瘋長,同時「促進總統貪腐,削弱金融穩定與消費者保護」。他們指出川普家族成員與穩定幣企業的關係,要求立法納入更嚴格的反洗錢條款及禁止外國機構發行穩定幣。這些議題可能會在眾議院修法階段再度被討論。
若法案順利立法,美國將由過去的不穩定拼圖式規範,轉向明確的新制度:穩定幣將被視為受監管的嶄新金融產品——既不是單純銀行存款,也不是證券,但兼具兩者性質。未來的監管責任可能由銀行監理機關(發行執照)、甚至聯準會(針對系統性穩定幣)共同擔當。立法帶來的法規明朗化,已開始影響市場走向:如 USDC 及新興的 PayPal PYUSD 等美國監管穩定幣,早已依照預期法規調整自身;Tether 發行公司也強調其龐大國債儲備,嘗試表現「合規」,即使本身或許不會申請美國核准。各大加密交易所預期,若立法後未符合規範的穩定幣將無法對美國用戶開放,因此不少平台已主動將掛牌產品轉向受監管的穩定幣。
同時,州層級也有動作:即便尚未有聯邦法案,部分美國州政府已推出自家法規。紐約金融服務廳(NYDFS)對納入其監管範圍內的穩定幣嚴格監督(如需定期稽核、儲備證明——Paxos 的 BUSD 直到被叫停前就屬該管機制)。其他州則將穩定幣納入金錢傳輸法,或推動加密專法。但未來聯邦法將凌駕州法,最終導向統一全美市場。聯準會等監管機構已表達憂慮:穩定幣若規模擴大,恐快速衝擊銀行存款基礎。聯準會主席 Jerome Powell 於 2023 年表示,只要穩定幣普及,其監理嚴格度應與銀行存款一致。GENIUS 法案等於朝這個方向邁進,僅允許取得存款保險(或等同監理)的受存款機構發行穩定幣。
目前情勢下,美國主管機關動作仍未停歇:Gary Gensler 領導下的 SEC 曾表示在某些情境下,部分穩定幣可能構成證券,而財政部則於總統金融工作小組帶頭討論應將穩定幣發行商以銀行標準監管。但近年立法氛圍顯示,美國正朝明確賦合法律地位與合規引導的方向發展,而非禁絕穩定幣——這讓許多產業人士認為有了明確規則後,穩定幣才能真正安全融入日常經濟生活。
歐盟:MiCA 將穩定幣納管
歐盟則率先行動,推動自家全面的《加密資產市場規範(MiCA)》。MiCA 於 2023 年通過,自 2024 年起陸續落地,為包含穩定幣在內的加密資產建立完整框架(依設計分為「資產參照型代幣」及「電子貨幣代幣」,視其是掛鉤單一法幣或多重資產)。自 2024 年 6 月起,MiCA 關於穩定幣的規定正式生效,使歐盟成為全球首批擁有針對穩定幣監管條例的司法區。
依 MiCA,任何與特定法幣掛鉤的穩定幣(如歐元穩定幣或美元穩定幣)均為「電子貨幣代幣」(EMT),僅能由信用機構或取得特許執照的機構發行,性質近似電子貨幣。發行商必須維持永續、足額的 1:1 儲備,持幣人享有隨時兌回權,且不能向持有人支付利息(以避免發行商提供有息帳戶競爭)。至於「資產參照型代幣」(ART),如參考一籃子法幣或商品,另有額外規範與監理(但目前大多穩定幣仍為單一貨幣掛鉤)。MiCA 也對大型支付穩定幣設有交易額上限:若任何非歐元計價 EMT(如美元穩定幣)日交易額連續三個月超過約兩億歐元,監管機構可要求限制其在歐盟內部的流通。這一設計是擔心外幣穩定幣(如 USDT)在歐元區支付場景過度普及,影響歐元主權。實質上,這迫使非歐元穩定幣發行商須密切監控與自律其在歐洲的流通規模。
合規現況及影響:截至 2024 年底前,服務歐洲市場的穩定幣發行商需向 MiCA 登記。一些業者已預先布局——Circle 先過法國加密牌照,準備好在 MiCA 框架下提供 EUROC 及 USDC。反觀 Binance,則宣布因 MiCA 停止支援 BUSD,改推以歐元計價的穩定幣供歐盟用戶。另有報導指出,歐洲部分交易所在 MiCA 執行前就率先下架 USDT,因其發行商尚未取得歐盟認可,引發流動性轉移;例如 Curve 的歐元穩定幣流動池交易量提升,歐盟用戶轉持 EURe 或 agEUR 等歐元穩定幣,但這些產品規模仍然較小(合計約一千萬歐元市值)。可見未來歐洲市場或將出現區隔現象:持法便利下,歐元穩定幣受青睞,美元穩定幣若未註冊則受阻。
MiCA 亦強調高度透明度──要求發行商定期(每季)揭露儲備報表,並賦予監理機關查核權,另外還設有資本要求。歐洲銀行局將督導重要穩定幣發行商。整體而言,歐盟採納的方針是將穩定幣納入現有金融監管體系:只要廣泛使用,則如同銀行貨幣那樣管制;一方面降低風險,同時又容許創新。消費者保護亦是重點,包括明確的兌回權、發行損失歸責,以及發行人如何維持「錨定」的充分揭露。
目前歐洲各國大致已與 MiCA 接軌, but some had interim measures: Germany had earlier said stablecoins shouldn’t replace the euro, France had guidelines requiring stablecoin projects to be approved by the central bank, etc. Those will yield to the unified MiCA rules. The UK, post-Brexit, is forging its own path: In 2023 the UK passed the Financial Services and Markets Act, which included bringing “stable tokens” used for payments into the Bank of England’s supervision. The UK intends for certain stablecoins to be recognized as a valid form of digital settlement. In 2024, HM Treasury consulted on a regime to oversee stablecoin issuers and potentially designate systemic stablecoins for direct BoE oversight. By 2025, the UK is expected to roll out detailed rules – likely similar to the U.S. approach of requiring 1:1 backing and authorization for issuers. The BoE has also been exploring a digital pound, but said a retail CBDC, if launched, would coexist with private stablecoins, not necessarily replace them.
但有些國家曾採取臨時措施:德國早前曾表示穩定幣不應取代歐元,法國則有指引要求穩定幣項目必須經央行核准等。這些規範將交由統一的MiCA規則取而代之。英國在脫歐後則走自己的路徑:2023年,英國通過《金融服務及市場法案》,將用於支付的「穩定代幣」納入英格蘭銀行監管。英國計畫讓特定穩定幣成為合法的數位結算工具。2024年,英國財政部就穩定幣發行人監管體制諮詢意見,並有機會指定系統性穩定幣由英格蘭銀行直接監督。預計到2025年,英國將推出詳細規則——很可能與美國類似,要求發行人1:1準備金及授權認可。英格蘭銀行也正評估數位英鎊,但表示若推出零售CBDC(央行數字貨幣),將會與私人穩定幣並存,而非取代它們。
Asia: Divergent Approaches from Embrace to Bans
亞洲:從積極擁抱到嚴格禁令,政策分歧
Asia presents a patchwork of stablecoin stances: some financial hubs are creating regulated environments for stablecoins, while others have banned crypto broadly, indirectly limiting stablecoin use.
亞洲各國對穩定幣的態度呈現拼圖式布局:有些金融中心積極打造穩定幣的合規監管環境,有些則全面禁止加密貨幣,間接限制穩定幣應用。
Japan was an early mover in stablecoin regulation. A law effective June 2023 made it so only licensed banks, registered money transfer agents, and trust companies can issue stablecoins in Japan. The law essentially treats stablecoins as digital money, ensuring issuers have prudential oversight. It also required any foreign stablecoins sold in Japan to meet equivalent standards. As a result, throughout 2024 Japanese financial institutions started issuing their own yen-pegged stablecoins or tokens – for example, Mitsubishi UFJ Trust launched “Progmat Coin” platform for bank-issued stablecoins, and smaller banks issued tokens like JPYC (a yen stablecoin) under the new framework. This coincided with Japan’s push for cashless payments: the Bank of Japan noted cashless payment usage rose to 42.8% by 2024, and officials suggested stablecoins and a future CBDC could coexist in retail payments. So Japan’s stance is controlled openness: allow stablecoins within a strictly regulated structure, mostly via existing financial institutions.
日本是最早啟動穩定幣監管的國家之一。自2023年6月生效的新法規定,只有取得牌照的銀行、登記的匯款業者與信託公司,才能在日本發行穩定幣。該法律基本上將穩定幣視為數位貨幣,確保發行人受到審慎監管。亦要求在日本販售的任何外國穩定幣必須符合同等標準。因此,2024年起日本多家金融機構開始發行自身的日圓穩定幣或代幣——例如三菱UFJ信託推出「Progmat Coin」平台、其他地區銀行則根據新規發行JPYC等日圓穩定幣。這也呼應日本推動無現金支付的趨勢:日本銀行指出,至2024年,無現金支付使用率已達42.8%,官員亦表示穩定幣與未來CBDC有機會於零售支付場景並存。日本對穩定幣採取的是「受控開放」政策:允許穩定幣發行,但必須納入嚴格的監管規範,主要通過現有金融機構操作。
Singapore likewise embraces fintech innovation but with guardrails. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) in 2022 proposed guidelines that stablecoins should be fully backed by high-quality liquid assets and issuers must ensure prompt redemption (within 5 days). By 2024, MAS was finalizing rules mandating full 1:1 backing and timely redemption for stablecoins. Singapore is positioning to be a hub for regulated stablecoins in Asia – it already hosts notable projects like XSGD (Singapore dollar stablecoin) and has encouraged trials of stablecoin use in DeFi sandboxes. Many crypto companies (Circle, for instance) have Singapore entities preparing for compliance. Singapore’s approach is similar to the anticipated U.S. one, with an emphasis on quality of reserves, redemption rights, and prudential regulation.
新加坡同樣擁抱金融科技創新,但設有明確防護措施。新加坡金融管理局(MAS)在2022年建議,穩定幣應全額以高流動性優質資產作為準備金,並且發行人必須保證能於5天內即時贖回。到2024年,MAS已完成規定,要求穩定幣必須1:1全額準備金,並確保即時贖回。新加坡正積極打造成為亞洲的合規穩定幣中心——現已孕育出XSGD(新加坡元穩定幣)等知名專案,也鼓勵在DeFi沙盒中試驗穩定幣用途。許多加密企業(如Circle)也在新加坡設立實體準備合規。新加坡的監管路線與美國預期相近,重點在於準備金品質、贖回權利與審慎監理。
Hong Kong has made headlines by actively seeking to become a crypto and stablecoin hub after years of caution. In Dec 2024, Hong Kong’s government introduced a draft Stablecoin Bill to establish a comprehensive licensing regime for stablecoin issuers. That bill moved swiftly: by May 2025, Hong Kong’s Legislative Council passed the Stablecoins Ordinance, setting up a system where any firm issuing a fiat-backed stablecoin or operating a stablecoin arrangement (custody, wallets etc.) targeting Hong Kong must be licensed by the HK Monetary Authority. The rules require one-to-one reserves in high-quality liquid assets, audits, and stringent capital and risk management. Interestingly, Hong Kong will allow stablecoins pegged to any fiat currency (not just HKD) under this regime – reflecting HK’s global financial center approach. Already, Standard Chartered Bank announced a partnership to launch a stablecoin pegged to the Hong Kong dollar once regulations are in place. Hong Kong regulators see this as crucial to “programmable finance” and innovation; they want a safe environment that attracts stablecoin issuers from around the world. Some Chinese banks in HK reportedly explored issuing CNH (offshore yuan) stablecoins too. The new law also addresses ancillary services – e.g., wallet providers for stablecoins will need licenses, ensuring the entire ecosystem is supervised. Hong Kong’s pivot is somewhat striking because it aligns with mainland China’s cautious stance on crypto – but Hong Kong is carving out its own regulatory path to leverage crypto finance while mitigating risks.
香港在經過多年的謹慎後,現積極爭取成為加密貨幣與穩定幣樞紐,成為焦點。2024年12月,香港政府提出《穩定幣條例草案》,建立完整的發行人發牌制度。立法效率極高:2025年5月立法會通過《穩定幣條例》,規定任何發行與法定貨幣掛鉤穩定幣、或在港經營穩定幣相關業務(如託管、錢包等)的公司,均須向香港金融管理局(HKMA)申請牌照。條例要求發行人必須以高流動性優質資產進行一比一準備金、定期審計、嚴謹資本和風險管理措施。有趣的是,香港將允許掛鉤任何法定貨幣(不僅僅是港元)的穩定幣——展現其國際金融中心的定位。渣打銀行已宣布待新規上路後,計劃合作發行掛鉤港元的穩定幣。監管部門認為,這是推動「可編程金融」與創新生態的關鍵,他們希望營造安全合規環境,吸引全球發行人在港設立業務。據稱,部分在港中資銀行也曾研究發行CNH(離岸人民幣)穩定幣。新法同時規定相關配套服務——如穩定幣錢包服務提供商也須領牌,確保整個生態圈皆受監理。香港的轉向引人注目,一方面呼應中國內地對加密貨幣審慎的基調,但同時開闢了一條利用加密金融並降低風險的自主管理道路。
Mainland China, conversely, maintains a strict ban on cryptocurrency trading and stablecoins for its citizens. After outlawing crypto exchanges in 2017 and mining in 2021, China has promoted its Digital Yuan (e-CNY) central bank digital currency as the official digital money. The People’s Bank of China has made clear that private stablecoins like USDT are not legal in China. Authorities cracked down on OTC trading of USDT in 2023–2024, arresting groups involved in using Tether for capital flight and money laundering. Many Chinese OTC brokers that once facilitated USDT exchange had to cease or move operations overseas. China’s stance is that only the state-issued CBDC and regulated digital payment platforms (like Alipay, WeChat Pay) are allowed for yuan transactions. That said, Chinese individuals find workarounds – some still acquire stablecoins through Hong Kong or offshore accounts. But officially, any onshore stablecoin activity is banned and the focus is on expanding the digital yuan, which now has millions of users domestically. China’s approach exemplifies the sovereign resistance to foreign stablecoins: the government is concerned about currency substitution and capital outflows if stablecoins (especially USD-based) became popular, so it has pre-emptively blocked their usage to ensure monetary control.
反觀中國大陸,對於加密貨幣與穩定幣仍實行嚴格禁令。自2017年禁絕加密交易所、2021年打擊挖礦後,中國大力推動「數位人民幣」(e-CNY)作為官方數位貨幣。中國人民銀行明確表態,像USDT這類私人發行穩定幣在中國屬非法。2023至2024年間,官方嚴厲打擊場外USDT交易,逮捕涉及Tether洗錢、資本外逃的團體,許多曾協助USDT兌換的中資場外經紀商被迫關閉或移往海外。中國的態度是:僅允許官方數位人民幣或受監管的數位支付平台(如支付寶、微信支付)進行人民幣交易。然而,部分中國民眾仍能通過香港或離岸帳戶取得穩定幣,但官方對內均嚴令禁止,主力推廣數位人民幣,現已在國內擁有數百萬用戶。此作法體現中國對外國穩定幣的主權抗拒:政府擔心穩定幣(尤其是美元掛鉤)普及後引發貨幣替代與資本外流,因此選擇預先阻斷,確保貨幣主權與金融穩定。
Other Asian nations vary: South Korea hasn’t legalized stablecoin issuance domestically yet; it is drafting crypto laws that might address them in the context of investor protection. Meanwhile, Korean won-pegged stablecoins exist but trade mostly on offshore platforms. India is very restrictive on crypto in general (after heavy taxes and banking bans, crypto activity there is limited; stablecoins see little official use, though some Indians use USD stablecoins peer-to-peer as a dollar hedge). Thailand and Malaysia have warned against private stablecoins that mimic their currencies (Thailand outlawed a baht-backed stablecoin by Terra in 2021). On the other hand, UAE (Dubai/Abu Dhabi) have crypto-friendly regimes and would permit stablecoin issuance under their virtual asset laws – in 2024, Dubai’s VARA included stablecoins under its licensing for payment tokens. Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states are exploring CBDCs jointly, but also investing in blockchain firms (some Saudi oil deals reportedly considered using stablecoins for settlement, but nothing public yet). Israel is open to crypto innovation and saw its first bank-issued stablecoin pilot (Shekel-token by Bank Leumi) in 2023, done in a controlled test.
其他亞洲國家情況不一:南韓尚未在國內合法化穩定幣發行,相關加密法規草案正在制定中,未來可能納入投資人保護規範。現已有韓元掛鉤的穩定幣,但多數僅在海外平台交易。印度對加密貨幣普遍採取嚴格限制(經歷重稅與銀行禁令後,加密活動有限,穩定幣僅見於民間少數以美元鏈下避險的點對點用途)。泰國與馬來西亞則曾警告勿發行模仿本幣的私人穩定幣(泰國2021年明令禁止Terra旗下泰銖穩定幣)。阿聯酋(杜拜/阿布達比)則具備友善的加密法規,允許在虛擬資產法下發行穩定幣——2024年杜拜VARA將穩定幣納入付款代幣牌照管理。沙烏地阿拉伯等中東國家積極探索CBDC,同時也投資區塊鏈企業(據傳部分沙國石油結算考慮使用穩定幣,但尚無官方案例)。以色列對加密創新持開放態度,2023年國內最大銀行Leumi已進行首個由銀行發行的謝克爾穩定幣測試,流程高度受控。
Broadly, many countries are following guidance from international bodies: The Financial Stability Board in July 2022 issued recommendations that stablecoins should meet equivalent standards to commercial bank money if they’re to be widely used, including prudential requirements and redemption rights. The Bank for International Settlements also emphasized stablecoins should not undermine financial stability and that robust regulation is needed, urging central banks to consider CBDCs as safer alternatives. G20 finance ministers in 2023 agreed to coordinate regulations in line with those principles. So we see a convergence: require full backing, legal clarity on redemption, and proper oversight, or else restrict stablecoin activities. Even in places allowing stablecoins, there’s a push for “same risk, same regulation” parity with traditional money.
整體而言,許多國家均遵循國際機構的指導原則:金融穩定理事會(FSB)於2022年7月建議,若穩定幣要廣泛流通,須達到與商業銀行貨幣同等標準,包括審慎監管與明確贖回權。國際清算銀行(BIS)也強調穩定幣不能破壞金融穩定,須有強監管,同時主張央行應考慮推CBDC作為較安全的替代品。G20財長於2023年同意據此協調相關法規。因此,各國逐漸趨同:不是要求全額準備金、清楚贖回條款、嚴格監督,就是直接限制穩定幣活動。即使在允許穩定幣的國家,也強調「同風險,同監管」—與傳統金融資產並軌。
Africa and Latin America: Adoption Outpacing Regulation
非洲與拉美:使用率超前於監管
In regions like Africa and Latin America, stablecoin usage has surged faster than regulatory regimes have developed. As noted, countries such as Nigeria, Kenya, Argentina, and Brazil have high stablecoin adoption driven by economics. Regulators are now catching up:
在非洲與拉丁美洲等地區,穩定幣的實際應用速度遠快於監管體系的發展。如前所述,奈及利亞、肯亞、阿根廷和巴西等國經濟因素推動下,穩定幣普及率甚高。監管機構正努力追趕:
In Africa, few countries have specific stablecoin regulations yet, but some are integrating crypto into existing frameworks. Nigeria – despite being a world leader in stablecoin use – officially has a somewhat paradoxical stance: the central bank banned banks from servicing crypto exchanges in 2021, pushing crypto trading into informal channels. It launched an eNaira CBDC to provide a government alternative, but uptake has been low compared to stablecoins. However, Nigeria’s Securities and Exchange Commission in 2022 released rules treating crypto assets as securities or digital assets if they qualify, and hinted that stablecoins might be recognized as investment instruments or e-money equivalents in future rules. By 2025, seeing the widespread public adoption, Nigerian regulators are reportedly exploring a framework to legitimize stablecoins for payment and remittance, with appropriate KYC/AML controls.
在非洲,僅有少數國家針對穩定幣設立專法,但有些正將加密貨幣納入現有監管框架。奈及利亞雖然是全球穩定幣使用大國,官方立場卻相當矛盾:2021年央行禁止銀行為加密交易所服務,迫使加密交易轉往非正式渠道。政府啟動eNaira數位貨幣作為官方替代選項,但相較穩定幣極少人採用。不過,奈及利亞證券交易委員會於2022年發布規範,明定若符合條件,加密資產將按證券或數位資產監管,也暗示未來規則中穩定幣有望被視為投資工具或電子貨幣同等對待。到2025年,面對全民熱用穩定幣趨勢,奈及利亞監管單位據傳正研擬使穩定幣於支付、匯款等用途合法化的配套規章,並強化KYC/AML控管。
They realize outright bans haven’t stopped usage, so better to regulate and harness it. Other African regulators, like South Africa’s FSCA, have classified crypto assets (including stablecoins) as financial products under existing law, meaning providers must get licensed. South Africa has been proactive: it expects to address stablecoins specifically, given its institutions’ interest (Absa bank, as mentioned, is preparing for stablecoin-focused services in anticipation of new rules). Kenya and Ghana central banks have issued cautionary notices but also set up innovation sandboxes that might include stablecoin-based
他們意識到完全禁止無法杜絕民間使用,反而適合藉由監管加以引導。其他非洲地區,像南非FSCA已將加密資產(包含穩定幣)分類為金融產品,意味著相關業者必須取得牌照。南非更屬積極先鋒——預計將針對穩定幣訂定專屬規範(如文內所述,Absa銀行正部署穩定幣服務以備新制上路)。肯亞、迦納則由央行發出風險警示,同時設立創新沙盒,或許將涵蓋穩定幣相關試驗。remittance solutions.
一般來說,非洲的監管機構非常關注穩定幣在金融普惠方面巨大的潛力,同時也意識到相關風險(例如貨幣替代:如果大家都用 USDT 而非本地貨幣,及非法資金流動等)。他們的應對策略很可能是透過金融科技牌照來正式規範穩定幣匯款,並要求所有涉及本地貨幣轉換的穩定幣建立本地準備金或擔保機制。
在拉丁美洲,有幾個國家也正朝立法監管方向發展。巴西於 2022 年 12 月通過了一項法律,將加密貨幣納入其中央銀行及證券監管機構的監督範圍。雖然該法未明確點名穩定幣,但巴西央行曾表示,若某種穩定幣在支付領域廣泛流通,則其可被歸類為一種支付機制而受央行監管。巴西央行同時正試點發行自己的數位貨幣(Real Digital),與此同時,巴西的金融科技公司正利用 USDC/USDT 進行國際轉帳。我們可能會看到巴西未來透過其完善的支付體系法規來正式規範穩定幣的使用(可能要求登記或與取得牌照的支付機構合作)。
阿根廷由於通膨嚴重,並未禁止穩定幣 —— 事實上,許多阿根廷人使用 USDT 交易 —— 但政府在 2023 年曾考慮針對加密貨幣立法,以防止資本外逃。當地尚未通過全面性加密貨幣相關法規,部分原因是政治動蕩。然而,一旦開始收緊外匯管制,勢必會影響加密貨幣應用。目前,這裡仍屬於高使用率但監管灰色地帶。墨西哥於 2018 年通過《金融科技法》規範電子支付代幣(也可能涵蓋穩定幣),當地一家大型銀行(Banco Azteca)甚至考慮過發行一款披索穩定幣,雖然尚未有公開進展。
拉美其他地區方面:哥倫比亞、智利都還在研究虛擬貨幣監管;委內瑞拉則推出過用石油做擔保的國家加密貨幣 Petro,卻以失敗告終,民間在高通膨環境下廣泛直接使用美元與 USDT。薩爾瓦多因將比特幣列為法定貨幣而聞名,雖然沒有針對穩定幣的專法,實際上穩定幣(作為區塊鍊上的美元)也被普遍使用。總體來說,拉丁美洲對穩定幣的監管還在持續演進中,巴西很可能會率先以明確路徑將穩定幣納入金融體系,而其他國家則多半採取容忍或正處於立法初步階段。
主要監管主題與挑戰
全球不同法域對於穩定幣監管,逐步浮現出一些共通主題與挑戰:
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準備金品質與透明度: 監管機關普遍強調穩定幣必須以高品質資產全額準備,並且推動準備金的定期披露或外部審計,以確保代幣真正受到資產支持。缺乏透明度(像 Tether 過去遭受的質疑)一向備受詬病;新的監管法規將迫使發行者攤開帳本。相關辯論還包括準備金應由誰持有 —— 有些法案要求準備金必須存放於受保險的銀行,甚至是中央銀行(例如,有人主張穩定幣發行者應像窄銀行那樣將現金存於聯準會)。目前大多數法規允許美債與商業銀行現金。確保準備金未被另作質押或槓桿運用,是防止類銀行擠兌的關鍵。
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兌換權利: 監管的核心原則之一,是持有人應能夠輕易將穩定幣換回相對應的法幣(通常可以直接向發行方或經授權代理人兌換)。美國、歐盟規則都強調應於平價及時兌付。這能給予用戶信心,並從法律上明確指出該代幣不是證券投資(僅為存放的法定貨幣代表)。
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發照與監管: 主管機關關於由誰來監督穩定幣發行,也在討論中。因為穩定幣具備貨幣屬性,銀行監管機構多半深度參與。例如美國會要求 OCC、Fed、FDIC 提供類似銀行牌照給穩定幣發行方。歐盟則由 EBA 根據 MiCA 規範大型發行人。未來監理將包括遵守 AML/CFT(反洗錢和反恐融資)規定、資安標準、管理階層適格性審查等,與一般金融機構無異。
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打擊非法活動: 主管機關憂慮,穩定幣可用於洗錢、規避制裁或詐騙,因其轉帳具假名特性。一方面,穩定幣於區塊鏈上可追蹤,另方面因全球轉帳簡便而引發管理疑慮。美國財政部及其他機構主張對發行人與中介實施嚴格 AML 控管,包括交易所與錢包供應商必須執行 KYC 並監控交易。同時也在討論技術措施:例如黑名單凍結功能(Circle 就經常依執法要求凍結黑名單內的 USDC 地址),Tether 亦對某些帳戶做過凍結。然而,如 DAI 這類完全去中心化的穩定幣則無中央黑名單機制,因此監管將聚焦於網關(例如交易所等)。業界與監管方正在穩定幣交易中尋求隱私與遵循規範的平衡點。所謂 Travel Rule(高額交易必須附帶發送人/收款人資訊)也正由加密貨幣服務業者逐步導入。
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外部穩定性與貨幣政策: 各國央行擔憂,若非本幣計價的穩定幣普及,會削弱本國的貨幣政策效力(即「加密美元化」)。這也是歐洲 MiCA 對非歐元穩定幣支付設置使用上限、部分新興國家對美元穩定幣擴散態度謹慎的原因。一些小型經濟體監管者可能會要求對穩定幣設外匯管制 —— 比如規定本地交易只能用本地穩定幣,或限制本幣兌換外幣穩定幣。目前除了中國明確禁令外,尚未見其他國家祭出極嚴措施,但當穩定幣在弱勢貨幣國家快速普及時,此議題仍被高度關注。
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與傳統金融整合: 隨著穩定幣進一步規範化,預期將與傳統支付系統深度結合。一個重要議題是保險與持有人保護。美國法規起初可能未將穩定幣納入類存款保險範疇,但透過規定發行者必須是受保銀行,間接建立安全網(但多半僅保障持有現金部分,而非代幣本身)。另外也討論應否讓穩定幣持有者,透過發行機構間接獲得央行最後貸款人功能 —— 實際上形同銀行。多數央行目前不傾向如此處理,但若穩定幣系統性重要性提升,未來情勢可能發展。渣打銀行預測,若相關法規通過,全球穩定幣市場 2028 年達 2 兆美元,顯示穩定幣確實可能成為金融體系關鍵角色。
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競爭與技術問題: 監管層亦需關注市場競爭格局。目前一兩個私人穩定幣若壟斷全球支付,勢必帶來壟斷與韌性問題。這也是多數央行同時積極研發 CBDC(央行數位貨幣),提供主權公部門替代方案的原因。CBDC 與穩定幣的關係複雜:有觀點認為可共存(穩定幣於特定場景持續創新、CBDC 做基本底層設施),也有人認為 CBDC 上線可能大幅削弱穩定幣需求。市場會如何演化尚不明朗,監管單位正密切觀察中國數位人民幣、歐洲數位歐元等各類試點結果。
最後,國際監管協調仍是一項巨大挑戰。若規則落差過大,穩定幣交易將流向最寬鬆地區(或繼續離境離岸)。現正持續藉由 IOSCO、BIS 等國際組織推動標準化。迄今,整體大方向一致:全額準備、嚴格監理。有一點值得關注:國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)曾明確建議新興市場勿在建立監理框架前貿然擁抱外國穩定幣,警告有潛在金融不穩風險。IMF 建議,優先發展區域性方案或加強宏觀經濟政策,同時也承認若規範得當,穩定幣可帶來諸多益處。
展望:穩定幣的十字路口
穩定幣短短數年間已從實驗轉變為金融市場普及現象。2025 年,穩定幣已來到更廣泛應用與更嚴監管的關鍵交叉點。依照目前趨勢,假如現存問題能妥善處理,穩定幣將在全球金融體系中發揮越來越重要的作用。
在 短期未來,我們可預期:
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更普及的大眾應用: 隨著 Fiserv 等主流支付處理商與新創金融科技公司積極推動,穩定幣將可能像 PayPal 或信用卡一樣普及,甚至用戶未必察覺背後區塊鍊運作。例如,消費者使用數位錢包以穩定幣支付給商戶,商家即時於 App 內自動兌成本地貨幣。Visa 及 MasterCard 將穩定幣結算整合入自家網路,將極大帶動交易量,讓數十億日常交易在穩定幣鐵軌上悄然運作。
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新穩定幣百花齊放: 若監理規則明朗,愈來愈多機構會發行穩定幣。我們可能會看到大型銀行(例如花旗、匯豐)推出自有品牌穩定幣供客戶使用,或出現由多家銀行參與的聯盟型穩定幣(如銀行共同使用的通用結算幣)。非銀行業者亦可能將穩定幣與自家會員積分或生態系統掛鈎(例如 Amazon 推出自有marketplace transactions)。監管機構將必須監控這些情況,並確保公平競爭環境。《GENIUS法案》的通過預計將在美國激發這類創新。
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互通性解決方案: 目前,穩定幣的流動性分布於不同區塊鏈(Ethereum、Tron、Solana等)而呈現碎片化狀態。致力於提升互通性的努力正展開——例如跨鏈橋及像Chainlink的CCIP這樣的項目,能讓穩定幣在不同鏈間安全轉移。這有助於解決只在單一網路使用穩定幣會鎖定流動性的疑慮。同時,這也意味著監管機構會開始注意跨鏈橋(因為若遭攻擊,可能間接損及穩定幣背書的資產,萬一代幣遭竊或重複發行)。
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高利率與商業模式: 穩定幣發行商如Tether與Circle之所以在2023~2024年大賺其利,關鍵就是存底的高利率——實質上,他們以數百億美元國債資金獲得5%收益。這不僅讓發行商獲利,還引出了疑問:穩定幣持有者應否也享有這些利息?目前大多數發行商把利息留作營運或獲利用途;Maker的DAI如前所述則透過DAI儲蓄利率分享部分收益。未來若競爭加劇,發行商可能會提供利息或獎勵吸引用戶。然而部分國家(如歐盟MiCA)明文禁止穩定幣餘額加發利息,以防其變得有如銀行存款類的投資產品。最終結果將影響穩定幣作為存款或僅用於交易的吸引力。
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與央行數位貨幣整合: 隨著央行數位貨幣(CBDC)陸續推出(歐盟可能在本十年晚些時候推出數位歐元;美國聯準會也在研究數位美元),兩者之間將會產生互動。有些人設想雙層體系:央行將CBDC供應給受規範的中介,再由中介分發給最終用戶,甚至用於支持他們的穩定幣(例如出現100%由CBDC擔保的全額抵押穩定幣——同時兼具私人創新與央行貨幣的穩固)。香港將穩定幣與可能推出的e-HKD共同討論是一例。CBDC與穩定幣究竟如何共存尚無定論,但兩者並非勢不兩立。可確定的是,央行希望保有貨幣主權的最終控制權,因此穩定幣極可能被規範在與央行貨幣價值和兌換緊密連結的框架下運作。
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處理系統性風險: 若穩定幣規模持續成長,監管當局有可能將部分穩定幣指定為「系統重要性金融機構」(SIFI,類似於部分貨幣市場基金或清算所的地位)。這將帶來更加嚴格的監管、美聯儲監督,以及諸如緊急流動性接入等要求。State Street執行長曾提到穩定幣可能「超越美國國債供給成長」,逼使出現新的買家,顯示傳統市場也在關注其宏觀影響。反過來說,穩定幣成長亦有好處——持續為政府債務創造需求,並推動支付創新。
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技術進步: 穩定幣相關的技術持續發展,目標是提升效率。第2層擴容方案(如Ethereum的Optimistic rollup或ZK rollup)可大幅降低交易成本,使小額支付成為現實。亦有隱私性功能的探索(由於公開區塊鏈記錄所有交易亦有其問題)——零知識證明有望支持同時符合監管要求的私人穩定幣轉帳。形塑「隱私與合規」間的平衡將是一大討論焦點:匿名性過高會令監管機構警惕,弱隱私則用戶不願每筆款項皆可被追蹤。未來穩定幣或出現可編程隱私機制(如金額雖被遮蔽,卻可在具合法授權下向監管揭露)等解決方案。
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全球協調與競爭: 法國、日本等G7國家長期倡議穩定幣國際標準,特別是在臉書推動Libra後。未來或可見對穩定幣跨境流動的資訊共享協議或條約。反之,部分司法管轄區則努力吸引合法穩定幣業者(如香港、新加坡、阿聯酋),以清晰規則及對金融科技友好的環境競爭。只要這不是監管鬆綁的惡性競爭,將有利於創新。目前看來,大家競爭的是監管品質而非寬鬆度,這是正向跡象。
挑戰依舊: 包括監管套利(有些發行商可能在監管較鬆國家運作,但這會提升用戶/交易者對該幣的風險評價)、智能合約被駭(穩定幣或相關DeFi合約出現漏洞仍會造成損失,因此需要審計和保險機制)、用戶教育不足(許多主流用戶對穩定幣仍不了解,或易受詐騙假冒「穩定幣」產品所害)。監管明確有助合法業者,但無法徹底消除不法份子——打擊虛假聲稱有資產背書但實無資產的詐騙穩定幣,仍會是重點。
總結來說,2025年的穩定幣正處於一個轉折點。採用率創新高,已廣泛應用於交易、匯款,甚至影響到傳統貨幣市場。同時,各國監管機構正推出首批全面性法規,期望兼顧創新與風險抑制。未來數年將驗證這些規範的實務效果:理想狀況下,這將帶來更大穩定與信任,鼓勵主流機構和用戶進一步參與穩定幣生態。一旦普及,穩定幣有望真正實現加速、降低成本、增加普及性的全球交易。
專家指出,實現此目標需加密產業與監管當局合作。「明確且一致的規則可擴展穩定幣的應用範圍,」世界經濟論壇報告曾如此評論,表示規範透明將吸引更多有聲望的發行商進入市場。這一點我們已從金融科技與銀行業者的加入看到初步趨勢。如果一切順利,未來穩定幣或將漸漸淡出人們意識——順理成章地成為日常金融的一部分,被當作快速的數位美元/歐元等使用。儘管仍存挑戰,穩定幣顯然正成為金融體系裡永久且成長的一環,完美結合傳統貨幣的信任與現代科技的效率。正如某家業者執行長所言:「我們視穩定幣為遊戲規則的改變者...... 提供了較傳統支付更快、更實惠的選項」。全球金融監管機構也正押注透過適當的護欄管制,這場變革能帶來正面效果,而穩定幣熱潮將可被妥善管理,造福全球消費者與經濟體。

